Tiêu đề RESEARCH.pdf ✅

RESEARCH Definition and Nature of Research A. What is Research? ▪ Research is a systematic inquiry or investigation aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising facts, theories, or applications. It involves a methodical and organized approach to gathering and analyzing information. ▪ It is a process of investigation that seeks to answer specific questions, solve problems, or understand phenomena. ▪ At its core, research is a problem-solving activity, whether the "problem" is a gap in knowledge, a societal challenge, or a practical issue. B. Characteristics of Scientific Research ▪ Empirical: Based on observable evidence or data collected through senses or instruments. Claims must be supported by verifiable observations. ▪ Objective: Conducted in an unbiased manner, striving for neutrality and minimizing personal prejudices or subjective interpretations. Findings should be verifiable by other researchers. ▪ Systematic: Follows a logical, organized, and structured process or methodology. It is not haphazard; it involves well-defined steps. ▪ Controlled: In experimental research, variables are managed or manipulated to isolate cause- and-effect relationships. In other research types, confounding factors are acknowledged and addressed. ▪ Logical: Follows principles of valid reasoning, drawing conclusions that are rationally supported by the evidence (e.g., using inductive or deductive reasoning). ▪ Verifiable: The results and conclusions can be checked or confirmed by other researchers replicating the study or reviewing the data. ▪ Replicable: The methods and procedures used are described clearly and precisely enough for other researchers to repeat the study and achieve similar results, thus ensuring the reliability of the findings. C. Types of Knowledge ▪ Traditional Knowledge: Based on customs, beliefs, and practices passed down through generations within a community (e.g., folklore, indigenous knowledge). ▪ Authoritative Knowledge: Acquired from experts, revered texts, or credible sources without necessarily undergoing rigorous empirical testing (e.g., religious texts, pronouncements from leaders). ▪ Logical Knowledge: Derived through reasoning and deduction from established premises or axioms (e.g., mathematical proofs, philosophical arguments). ▪ Empirical Knowledge: Gained through observation, experimentation, and sensory experience. This is the foundation of scientific research. Purposes and Importance of Research Research serves multiple critical purposes, driving progress in various domains. A. Primary Purposes (Why we conduct research) ▪ To Describe: To characterize a phenomenon, population, or situation accurately. (e.g., "What are the characteristics of plastic waste in Cebu City's coastal areas?"). ▪ To Explain: To understand why phenomena occur; to identify cause-and-effect relationships. (e.g., "Why do certain marine species decline in areas with high plastic pollution?"). ▪ To Predict: To forecast future phenomena or outcomes based on established relationships and patterns. (e.g., "What will be the projected sea level rise in Manila Bay by 2050 based on current climate models?"). ▪ To Control: To manipulate variables to influence outcomes in a desired way (often a goal in applied research or engineering). (e.g., "How can