Tiêu đề NCM 111 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 111 MIDTERMS BY TONS and MADS iii. There is a significant difference between proportions of health care providers who are smoking and the proportion of those who are not smoking. 3. Directional Hypothesis a. States whether the relationship between two variables is direct or inverse or positive or negative. b. A positive or direct relationship - value of one variable increases with the increase in the value of another. c. The relationship is negative - value of one variable increases as the value of another decreases. d. EXAMPLES: i. The higher the level of exposure of multigravida women to mass media, the more favorable their attitude towards contraceptives. (Positive) ii. The longer the time nurses spend in duty, the less productive they are. (Negative) 4. Non-directional Hypothesis a. It does not specify the direction of relationship between variables. b. It merely states presence or absence of a relationship between two variables or that one variable influences another or there is a significant difference in the mean values of the two variables. c. Examples: i. The women’s educational attainment is significantly associated with their extent of participation in decision making at home. ii. Taking vitamins regularly tend to improve a worker’s total health status. 5. Simple Hypothesis a. Express predicted relationship between 1 IV and 1 DV. i. Patients receiving a warmed solution for a body cavity irrigation during surgical procedures will maintain a higher core body temperature than patients receiving a room temperature solution. 6. Complex Hypothesis a. State anticipated relationship between >2IV & >2DV i. Most postpartum depression & feelings of inadequacy are reported by women who give birth cesarean section than those who deliver vaginally Statement of Hypothesis ● A proposition that is formulated for testing. ● A declarative statement w/c is tentative in nature; must be tested, explained, estimated, & measured. ● A good hypothesis must be in null form - negative declarative statement of guess or tentative solution to research study. ● Are theoretical explanations of a phenomenon. ● May be “shrewd guess” or inference, “intellectual proposition'' formulated to explain observed facts or conditions in order to guide the investigation further. ● Statements of researcher’s expectations regarding relationship between variables under investigation. ● Importance of Hypothesis ○ Provides direction to the study. ○ Defines the coverage of the study. ○ Suggests the appropriate research design. ○ Serves as reference for stating conclusions. ● Formulating Research Hypothesis ○ Some studies do not contain hypothesis. Exploratory & quantitative studies are guided by research questions. ○ Experimental studies, quantitative & some descriptive studies require hypothesis to explain the exact value or meaning of the phenomenon. ● Purposes of Hypothesis ○ Unifies theory & reality ○ Gives direction to research ○ Enhances knowledge How to Write Hypothesis: ● Written in simple understandable language. ● Focus on the variable. ● Keep in mind the distinction between IV and DV. GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1. Hypotheses (not problem) are subjected to empirical testing thru data collection & analysis. 2. Hypotheses follows theoretical framework & are based on theories, principles & concepts advanced in the framework. 3. Hypotheses are stated in declarative form, while research problems are generally interrogative in order to focus inquiry on analysis of phenomenon under study. 4. Hypotheses are tentative solutions/answers to inquiries. 5. Hypotheses should be formulated before conduct of the study, they give direction to gathering & interpretation of date & help in solution of research problems. 6. Theoretical framework provides theories, principles & concept on w/c to base the hypotheses. 7. Hypotheses relate to the problems raised in the study WEEK 7: Sept. 11-16, 2023 TOPIC: Planning and Designing Phase 1. Research Designs 2. Overview of the Research Process VIDEO: https://youtu.be/XkCDyuFAjIE - not transcribed #1 - https://youtu.be/-B6yDsKcmK8 - not Transcribed #2: https://youtu.be/E282I8BY4LU - not transcribed BOOK: ● Chap 1 Page 11 ● Chap 3 Page 55 PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH ● Paradigm - world view, general perspective on the complexities of the world. 2