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CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY GBIO I S.Y. ‘23-24 SHS STEM S1Q1 WEEK 1 | CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 8TH ED. | CAMPBELL & REECE 01 HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY PPT & LECTURE CAMPBELL BIO 01 HOW DOES ONE BECOME A THEORY? Introduction to the History of the Cell Theory ● It is considered a theory if: a. It has not been proven yet to be applicable in all sets of situations. b. Not enough to be “universally factual.” 1.0 CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ● Cell : Biology ; Atom : Chemistry ● Many different cells are working for you right now. 2.0 HISTORY: DISCOVERING THE CELL 2.1 ROBERT HOOKE (1665) ● Built a microscope. ● Examined slices of cork (plant cell) - Discovered tiny units and honeycomb-like structures, to which he; ● Coined the term “cell” ● Cell → Latin: “cellula” (small room) ● Published a book “Micrographia” 2.2 ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1670) ● Father of Microbiology ● Produced own lenses with 300x magnification ● Viewed living organisms with his self-made single lens/single microscope. - Living organisms such as: bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, blood cells, and microscopic worms. ● Called the cells as “animalcules” ● The characteristics of animalcules: a. Moving b. Variation in shapes HOOKE VS. LEEUWENHOEK: OBSERVATIONS HOOKE AND LEEUWENHOEK’S OBSERVATIONS CELL HOOKE LEEUWENHOEK Type of cell Plant Cells Animal Cells Cell state Dead Cell Living Cell Lens magnification 10-30x Resolution 300x Resolution Shape Uniform Irregular 3.0 HISTORY: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION ● Belief: “Living organisms develop from nonliving matter.” ● Recipes are created: a. Nile River → floods → frog appear in the mud b. Damp rags → left in pile of wheat grain → many mice after 21 days 3.1 FRANCESCO REDI (1668) ● Observation: Growth came from... WONRIKA ON X | SHS STEM NOTES | CAMPBELL BIO 8TH ED. GENERAL BIOLOGY I SEM1 Q1 PAGE 1
CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY GBIO I S.Y. ‘23-24 SHS STEM S1Q1 WEEK 1 | CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 8TH ED. | CAMPBELL & REECE a. Set-up 1: Meat b. Set-up 2: None c. Set-up 3: Gauze ● Analysis: Maggots developed in the unsealed jars, but no maggots appeared in either the gauze-covered or the tightly sealed jars. ● Conclusion: Life came from maggots (living), not on the meat (non-living). ● Against the Spontaneous Generation. 3.2 JOHN NEEDHAM (1748) ● Description: Needham briefly boiled the broth, hoping to kill all preexisting microbes. ● Observation: Despite “killing” the microbes through heat, life still grew in the broth. ● Analysis: New microbes must have arisen spontaneously. ● Conclusion: Life could be created from non-life. ● Flaw: He likely did not boil the broth long enough to kill all preexisting microbes. - NEEDham = NEEDed to fix the experiment ● Supports the Spontaneous Generation. 3.3 LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1665) ● Observation: Open flask had living microorganisms, sealed jar did not. ● Analysis: Growth did not come from broth (non-living) ● Conclusion: Life could not be created from non-life. Oxygen played an important role in the changes within Spallanzani’s set-up. ● Against the Spontaneous Generation. 4.0 HISTORY: DISPROVING THE SPONT. GEN. 4.1 LOUIS PASTEUR ● Completely disproved the spontaneous generation. ● Conducted the “Swan Neck Flask Experiment.” ● Observation: Conducted three trials: a. Broth → apply heat → let flask sit → no bacteria b. Broth → apply heat → remove neck → bacteria present c. Broth → apply heat → tilt flask sideways → bacteria present ● Analysis: On the third trial, Pasteur tipped the flask so that the microbes trapped in the neck will enter and contaminate the broth. This made bacteria grow in the broth. ● Conclusion: “Life only comes from life.” 5.0 DEVELOPING THE CELL THEORY 5.1 MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (1838) ● Studied plant structures under a microscope. ● “All plants are composed of cells and the products of cells.” 5.2 THEODOR SCHWANN (1839) ● Matthias Schleiden shared his observations with Theodor Schwann. ● Stated that “all animals were made of cells.” WONRIKA ON X | SHS STEM NOTES | CAMPBELL BIO 8TH ED. GENERAL BIOLOGY I SEM1 Q1 PAGE 2
CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF THE CELL THEORY GBIO I S.Y. ‘23-24 SHS STEM S1Q1 WEEK 1 | CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 8TH ED. | CAMPBELL & REECE SCHLEIDEN & SCHWANN 5.2 & 5.3. Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann ● Formed the first two basic postulates: ○ All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. ○ A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. ● However, the formation of a new cell was not explained until; 5.3 RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1855) ● He stated that ‘Cells only arose only by the division of the other (tissues).” ● Quoted the famous “Omnis cellula e cellula.” ● Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow’s contribution led to the formation of the Classical Cell Theory. 6.0 THE CLASSICAL CELL THEORY 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 7.0 THE MODERN CELL THEORY ● The modern cell theory contains four statements, in addition to the classical cell theory: 1. The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division. 2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. 3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells (movement, digestion, etc.) 4. Cell activity depends on the activities of subcellular structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane, etc.) WONRIKA ON X | SHS STEM NOTES | CAMPBELL BIO 8TH ED. GENERAL BIOLOGY I SEM1 Q1 PAGE 3