Tiêu đề NCM 112 RLE FINALS (NEW) ✅

NCM 112 RLE FINALS (NEW) by TONS and MADS -Remove objects that contain metal, may obscure images. Dye Contrast -To visualize body cavity, radiopaque dye may be swallowed, by enema, or IV and then revealed by X-ray. -Caution child who is asked to drink barium, it does not taste terribly good; Always check the child’s allergy status -As it is injected, child may feel hot flush, sensation frightening if the child is unprepared -Try not to use word dye when describing a contrast medium to prevent young children from worrying -Use the phrase “special medicine” instead. -Areas to be examined are GI tract (Barium contrast study), kidney etc. -Route: Oral, IV -Medium: A dye – iodine (may cause allergic reaction), -Children easily grow bored during this procedure, have child take along an activity to exam room to make time pass faster. -Ensure parents understand children do not “radiate” X-rays or radioactivity after. 3. Computed Tomography (CT Scan) ● X-ray procedure in w/c many views of organ or body part obtained to represent what organ would look like if it were cut into thin slices. As with any X-ray, -dense structures appear white -less dense structures appear gray/black on films. ● include injection of iodine-based radioisotope contrast medium. the study may be referred to as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). ● Involves many films, can become lengthy procedure. machinery is complex, large, and potentially frightening. ● important for children to lie still during long procedure to avoid; may be given sedative (chloral hydrate) or conscious sedation, before procedure to make them sleepy. ● assure parents that although radiation exposure from CT scans occurs over long period of time, such low doses are used that t actual exposure is comparable to a regular X-ray. However, like X-rays, repeated CT scans can carry a threat of excessive radiation exposure ● a. Noninvasive cross-sectional view that can detect tissue densities in the abdomen, including in the liver, spleen, pancreas, and biliary tree. b. Can be performed with or without contrast medium. 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ● Combines magnetic field, radiofrequency, & computer technology to produce diagnostic images that aid in diagnosis of disorders (cause of renal or brain pathology) ● child lies on moving pallet, pushed into core of machine(magnet) ● When Magnetic field surrounding child is turned on, it causes tissue atoms to line up in a parallel fashion. As radio waves are turned on and off, atoms change position. This change is sensed and converted into visual display on computer screen; may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging. ● Special Care for Children Undergoing MRI ○ Not iodine-based, danger of a reaction is minimal. ○ Metal may deflect the magnetic waves. ● advantage over X-rays in that it has no apparent ill effects, can reveal astonishingly clear structural defects in soft tissue, and, if a contrast medium is required, not iodine based ● Because metal may deflect magnetic waves, children w/ metal prosthesis or metal dental braces are poor candidates for the procedure. ● Hairpins & eye makeup (which often has a metallic base), watches, or other jewelry should be removed. ● Be certain child’s hospital gown does not have metal snap at neckline and any religious medals pinned to gown removed. ● When radio waves are turned on and off during the procedure, a booming noise can be heard. Prepare children for this sound and feeling of claustrophobia. Except for cranial exams, headphones can be provided to decrease noise. Because total procedure may take up to 45 minutes, some children a sedative or conscious sedation may be indicated so they can lie quietly for this length of time Radiographs (X-RAY) - projection radiograph to diagnose conditions affecting chest, contents, & nearby structures. Ultrasound ● painless procedure; pictures of internal tissue & organs, such are produced by sound waves. ● noninvasive, children accept ultrasound easily and may even enjoy watching oscilloscope screen ● Alert child that clear gel applied to the skin may feel cool and sticky. Compare transducer that is used on body surface to pick up internal images to a television camera so not viewed as some-thing strange. ● Parents should understand ultrasound is not an X-ray, so can remain in room to comfort their child no long-term effects, can be repeated over and over for serial determinations. Nuclear Medicine Studies ● Radiopharmaceuticals- radioactive combined substances ● Given orally or injection, flow to designated body organs. ● When scintillation machine (form of Geiger counter) is passed over organ where the radiopharma-ceutical has collected, pattern of collected material outlines organ. pattern can then be reproduced as a screen image or a photograph. ● Parents may worry that a child will be harmed by exposure to a radioactive substance, assure them that dose of radiation in these studies is no greater than that used for X-ray. ● (iodine-131) frequently medium used for such studies, certain to ask if the child is allergic to iodine. ○ danger of iodine: it will go immediately to thyroid gland rather than organ to be studied if IV ○ For this reason, blocking agent (potassium perchlorate) prevents accumulation in thyroid gland, may be required prior to test. Always check whether blocking agent is required before transporting child to nuclear medicine department Direct Visualization Procedures -involve observation of an internal body cavity by way of a thin tube inserted through a body surface opening. -Types: Endoscopy, Bronchoscopy, Colonoscopy Endoscopy ● endoscope passed through mouth to examine GIT ● common method of diagnosis for GI disorders in children. ● used emergency measure to remove objects swallowed ● When first developed, endoscopes were straight and stiff ● Currently, they are fiberscopes, extremely flexible and easily maneuvered 3