Tiêu đề Chem.pdf ✅

ALKANE REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Cracking Alkanes only Heat with aluminum oxide catalyst Alkanes and alkenes Chlorination or Bromination (Free radical substituition) Alkanes with chlorine or bromine Presence of UV light (sunlight) Alkyl halide Combustion Alkanes with oxygen Burn Carbon dioxide and water ALKENE REACTIONS NAME REACT WITH CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Hydrogenation (Electrophilic addition) Hydrogen Heat with platinum or nickel catalyst Alkane Electrophilic addition Steam Heat with phosphoric acid catalyst Alcohol Electrophilic addition Hydrogen halide RTP Alkyl halide Electrophilic addition Halogen molecules RTP Alkyl halide Oxidation Cold dilute acidified potassium manganate Diol, purple solution goes colorless Oxidation Hot concentrated acidified potassium manganate with =CH2 Carbon dioxide Oxidation Hot concentrated acidified potassium manganate with =CH Aldehyde and then carboxylic acid Oxidation Hot concentrated acidified potassium manganate with =C Ketone Additional polymerization Other alkenes Long chain polymer ALKYL HALIDE REACTIONS NAME REACT WITH CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Nucleophilic substitution Aqueous NaOH (or other aqueous alkali) Heat aqueous solution Alcohol Nucleophilic substitution KCN Ethanolic solution heated under reflux Nitrile Nucleophilic substitution Ammonia Ethanolic solution of aqueous ammonia heated under pressure Primary amine Hydrolysis Aqueous silver nitrate In ethanol Alcohol and silver halide Elimination NaOH Ethanolic solution heated Alkene, salt, and water ALCOHOL REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Combustion Oxygen Ignited Carbon dioxide and water Nucleophilic substitution HX (KBr in sulfuric or phosphoric acid is used instead of HBr) Alkyl halide and water PCl3 Heat Alkyl halide and H3PO3 PCl5 RTP Alkyl halide, hydrochloric acid, and POCl3 Sodium Hydrogen and salt of alcohol Oxidation Primary alcohol with potassium manganate or potassium dichromate Acidic solution, warm alcohol Aldehyde and then carboxylic acid
Oxidation Secondary alcohol with potassium manganate or potassium dichromate Acidic solution, warm alcohol Ketone Dehydration Acid, aluminum oxide, porous pot, or pumice Concentrated if acid, heated if other Alkene and water Esterification Carboxylic acid Heated under reflux with strong acid catalyst Ester CARBONYL REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Reduction Aldehyde with NaBH4 or LiAlH4 Primary alcohol Reduction Ketone with NaBH4 or LiAlH4 Secondary alcohol Nucleophilic addition HCN KCN catalyst and heat Hydroxynitrile Condensation or Carbonyl group test 2,4-DNPH Heat Water and deep orange precipitate Oxidation Aldehyde with Fehling’s solution Warmed in alkaline solution Salt of acid and red copper oxide Oxidation Aldehyde with Tollen’s reagent Warmed in alkaline solution Salt of acid and silver mirror of Ag atoms CARBOXYLIC ACID REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Redox Reactive metals like sodium Salt of acid and hydrogen Neutralization Alkali Salt of acid and hydrogen Acid-base Carbonates Salt, water, and carbon dioxide Esterification Alcohols Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and heated under reflux Ester and water Reduction LiAlH4 Primary alcohol and water ESTER REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Hydrolysis (reversible) Dilute acid Heat under reflux Carboxylic acid and alcohol Hydrolysis (irreversible) Dilute alkali Heat under reflux Salt of acid and alcohol. Salt becomes carboxylic acid after acidification NITRILE REACTIONS NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Hydrolysis Dilute acid Heat Carboxylic acid and ammonium salt Hydrolysis Dilute alkaline Heat Salt of acid and ammonia. Salt can be converted to acid through acidification. ALKANE PREPARATION NAME REACTANTS CONDITIONS PRODUCTS Hydrogenation (Addition) Alkene and hydrogen Heated over fine platinum or nickel catalyst Alkane Cracking Long chain alkane Heated with aluminum oxide catalyst Alkanes and alkenes