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NET TER ATLAS of HUMAN ANATOMY Classic Regional Approach EIGHTH EDITION FRANK H. NETTER, MD 8
ELSEVIER 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste. 1600 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY: CLASSIC REGIONAL APPROACH, Standard Edition: 978-0-323-68042-4 EIGHTH EDITION Professional Edition: 978-0-323-79373-5 International Edition: 978-0-323-79374-2 Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier Inc. Previous editions copyrighted 2019, 2014, 2011, 2006, 2003, 1997, 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Permission to use Netter Art figures may be sought through the website NetterImages.com or by emailing Elsevier’s Licensing Department at [email protected]. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-68042-4 Publisher: Elyse O’Grady Senior Content Strategist: Marybeth Thiel Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager/Specialist: Carrie Stetz Book Design: Renee Duenow Printed in China 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONSULTING EDITORS Chief Contributing Illustrator and Art Lead Editor Carlos A.G. Machado, MD Terminology Content Lead Editors Paul E. Neumann, MD Professor, Department of Medical Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Surgery, and Structural and Cellular Biology Director of Surgical Anatomy, Tulane University School of Medicine Program Director of Anatomical Research, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Center for Clinical Neurosciences Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana Professor of Anatomy, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, Grenada Honorary Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Faculty, National Skull Base Center of California, Thousand Oakes, California Electronic Content Lead Editors Brion Benninger, MD, MBChB, MSc Professor of Medical Innovation, Technology, & Research Director, Ultrasound Professor of Clinical Anatomy Executive Director, Medical Anatomy Center Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences Faculty, COMP and COMP-Northwest Faculty College of Dentistry, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon and Pomona, California Faculty, Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic & General Surgery Residencies Samaritan Health Services, Corvallis, Oregon Faculty, Surgery, Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Visiting Professor of Medical Innovation and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Professor of Medical Innovation and Clinical Anatomy Post Graduate Diploma Surgical Anatomy, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand Todd M. Hoagland, PhD Clinical Professor of Biomedical Sciences and Occupational Therapy Marquette University College of Health Sciences Milwaukee, Wisconsin Educational Content Lead Editors Jennifer K. Brueckner-Collins, PhD Distinguished Teaching Professor Vice Chair for Educational Programs Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky Martha Johnson Gdowski, PhD Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Medical Education, Department of Neuroscience University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY Virginia T. Lyons, PhD Associate Professor of Medical Education Associate Dean for Preclinical Education Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover, New Hampshire Peter J. Ward, PhD Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine Lewisburg, West Virginia Emeritus Editor John T. Hansen, PhD Professor Emeritus of Neuroscience and former Schmitt Chair of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Associate Dean for Admissions University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York
EDITORS OF PREVIOUS EDITIONS First Edition Sharon Colacino, PhD Second Edition Arthur F. Dalley II, PhD Third Edition Carlos A.G. Machado, MD John T. Hansen, PhD Fourth Edition Carlos A.G. Machado, MD John T. Hansen, PhD Jennifer K. Brueckner, PhD Stephen W. Carmichael, PhD, DSc Thomas R. Gest, PhD Noelle A. Granger, PhD Anil H. Waljii, MD, PhD Fifth Edition Carlos A.G. Machado, MD John T. Hansen, PhD Brion Benninger, MD, MS Jennifer K. Brueckner, PhD Stephen W. Carmichael, PhD, DSc Noelle A. Granger, PhD R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD Sixth Edition Carlos A.G. Machado, MD John T. Hansen, PhD Brion Benninger, MD, MS Jennifer Brueckner-Collins, PhD Todd M. Hoagland, PhD R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD Seventh Edition Carlos A.G. Machado, MD John T. Hansen, PhD Brion Benninger, MD, MS Jennifer Brueckner-Collins, PhD Todd M. Hoagland, PhD R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhD OTHER CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATORS Rob Duckwall, MA (DragonFly Media Group) Kristen Wienandt Marzejon, MS, MFA Tiffany S. DaVanzo, MA, CMI James A. Perkins, MS, MFA