Tiêu đề EDX Topic 13 reversible & equilibrium .pdf ✅

Topic 14 Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium 1
Topic 14 Reversible Reactions: reactions that can go in both directions “Forward & Backward” Reversible reactions are represented by adding reversible sign in the equation and can be reversing the reactions conditions. 2 1) Dehydration & Hydration of Copper (II) Sulfate By heating hydrated Copper (II) Sulfate. Colour changes from blue to white and temperature decreases. By adding water to anhydrous Copper (II) Sulfate. Colour changes from white to blue and temperature rises. Hydrated Copper Sulphate (Blue) Anhydrous Copper Sulphate (White) heat Water (Goes away) Examples for Reversible Reactions Hydrated: means a substance that is chemically combined with water. Anhydrous: means a substance containing no water. 2) Dehydration & Hydration of Cobalt (II) Chloride By heating hydrated Cobalt (II) Chloride. Colour changes from pink to blue and temperature decreases. By adding water to anhydrous Cobalt (II) Chloride. Colour changes from blue to pink and temperature rises.

4 Equilibrium: it is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction and they remain unchanged. amounts / concentrations of the reactants & products Reversible reactions in a closed system are a challenge to the industry as the reaction never reaches completion. Dynamic Equilibrium (A+B) (C+D) Example In the forward reaction, each molecule of Nitrogen reacts with 3 molecules of Hydrogen to give 2 molecules of NH3 If we carried this reaction in a closed system “closed container,” it will reach a state of dynamic equilibrium after some time. This means that for every 2 molecules of Ammonia formed, another 2 molecules of Ammonia will breakdown giving 1 molecule of N2 and 3 molecules of H2 So there is no overall change “the amount of ammonia remains unchanged” as both forward and the backward reactions take place at the same rate. Topic 14