Tiêu đề অধ্যায় ১ বিশ্ব ও বাংলাদেশ প্রেক্ষিত- (With Solve).pdf ✅

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2.........................................................................................................................................................................  ICT Chapter-1 kÖgevRv‡i †iv‡evwU· BwZevPK cÖfve:  †iveU Øviv •Zwi c‡Y ̈i ̧bMZgvb Lye fv‡jv Ges m~ÿZv I †ewk  †ive‡Ui KvR Kivi MwZ †ewk, AvDUcyU †ewk cvIqv hvq|  wec3⁄4bK cwi‡e‡k †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h ̈ KvR Kiv wbivc`|  GwU wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e `xN©ÿY K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|  †iv‡evwU· hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbv, iÿYv‡eÿY I ZË¡veavq‡bi Rb ̈ bZzb `ÿ kÖwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| d‡j Kg©‡ÿÎ •Zwi n‡e| kÖgevRv‡i †iv‡evwU‡·i †bwZevPK cÖfve:  †ive‡Ui ̄^qswμqZv, m~ÿ I wbLuyZ KvR ̧‡jv‡Z Kgx©‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kwg‡q w`‡e| d‡j Kg `ÿ kÖwg‡Ki Kg©ms ̄ vb msKxY© nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|  †iv‡evwUK hš¿cvwZ μ‡qi Rb ̈ wecyj cwigvY A_© Ges iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb ̈ `ÿ †jvK cÖ‡qvRb| †iveU mPj ivL‡Z AwaK we`y ̈‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq|  †iv‡evU bZzb ev RwUj cwiw ̄ wZ‡Z wb‡R †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡i Riæix †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †ive‡Ui e ̈envi SzuwKc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, PZz_© wecø‡ei mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z wkí‡ÿ‡Î cÖhyw3i e ̈envi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK Dfq cÖfveB †dj‡Z cv‡i| cÖkœ2 ÔKÕ Mv‡g©›Um d ̈v±wi‡Z AwMœms‡hvM wbnZ kÖwg‡Ki cwiPq kbv3 Ki‡Z DNA cixÿv Kiv nq| ivwKe GB ai‡bi AwMœKv‡Ûi K_v gv_vq †i‡L Ggb GK hš¿ Avwe®..vi K‡i‡Q hv GKB mg‡q AwMœ wbe©vc‡Y I D×viKv‡h© mnvqZv Ki‡e| (K) fv©Pzqvj wi‡qwjwU Kx? [iv. †ev. 24] (L) μv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z m~2 myuPhy3 bj e ̈envi Kiv nq †Kb? [iv. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K wbnZ kÖwgK kbv3Ki‡Y e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [iv. †ev. 24] (N) DÏxc‡K ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z hš¿wU‡K Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b Kv‡R e ̈envi m¤¢e-we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| [iv. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K cÖK...Z A‡_© ev ̄Íe bq wKš‧ ev ͇̄ei †PZbv D‡`aKKvwi weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| L μv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva ̈‡g AwZ VvÐv A ̄^vfvweK I Amy ̄ wUmy ̈ aŸsm Kiv nq| Gc×wZ‡Z Zij bvB‡Uav‡Rb (Liquid trogen), Kve©b-WvB- A·vBW (carbon di-oxide), BZ ̈vw` e ̈envi Kiv nq| GBme c`v_© mvaviYZ GKwU †MvjvKvi bj Gi mvnv‡h ̈ †ivMvμvšÍ wUmy ̈i Dci cÖ‡jc †`qv nq GB †MvjvKvi bj‡K ejv nq μv‡qvcÖe (Cryoprobe) hv Amy ̄ wUmy ̈i Ici m~ÿ cÖ‡jc cÖ`v‡b e ̈eüZ nq| M DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ Mv‡g©›Um d ̈v±wi‡Z AwMœms‡hvM wbnZ kÖwgK kbv3Ki‡Y e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 n‡jv DNA ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3| ev‡qv‡gwUa· n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi †K.kj ev cÖhyw3 hvi gva ̈‡g gvby‡li kvixwiK KvVv‡gv, AvPvi,-AvPviY, •ewkó ̈, ̧Yv ̧Y, e ̈w3Z¡ cÖf...wZ Øviv wbw`©ó e ̈w3 wPwýZ ev kbv3 Kiv hvq| ev‡qv‡gwUa· wm‡÷g kbv3Ki‡Y †hme ev‡qvjwRK ̈vj †WUv e ̈eüZ nq Zv n‡jv:  kvixie„Ë (Physiological): gvby‡li gyLgÐj, nv‡Zi AvOzj, nv‡Zi †iLv, †iwUbv, AvBwim, wkiv|  AvPviYMZ (Behavioral): e ̈w3i AvPiY, nv‡Zi †jLv, K_vejv ev Pjv‡div ÷vBj| `yN©Uvbv ̄ j wKsev `yN©Ubvi wkKvi Ggb e ̈vw3i kixi †_‡K cÖvß •RweK bgybvi wWGbG bKkv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq `yN©Ubvi wkKvi e ̈w3i i‡3i m¤úK©hy3 e ̈w3i (evev, gv, fvB, †evb) KvQ †_‡K †bIqv i3 ev •RweK bgybvi wWGbG bKkvi mv‡_| Gfv‡e wWGbG †U‡ói mvnv‡h ̈ †Kv‡bv ARvbv e ̈w3i cwiPq kbv3 Kiv hvq| N DÏxc‡Ki ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z AwMœ wbe©vP‡b I D×viKv‡h© mnvqZvKvix hš¿wU n‡jv †iveU| †iveU n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uav‡gKvwbK ̈vj hvwš¿K e ̈e ̄ v, hv Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev B‡jKUawbK mvwK©U KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z GK ai‡Yi ̄^qswμqv ev Avav- ̄^qswμq hš¿| †ive‡U GKevi †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j wVK †mB †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| •`bw›`b Kv‡R †ivU‡Ui e ̈envi:  evmv-evwoi •`bw›`b wewfbœ Kv‡R †hgb: wK¬wbs, †d¬vi †gvwcs BZ ̈vw` Kv‡R †ivU e ̈envi Kiv nq|  wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvi fvwi wRwbm IVvbvgv ev ̄ vc‡bi Rb ̈ †iveU e ̈eüZ nq| we‡klZ hvbevnb/Mvwoi KviLvbvi †iveU e ̈eüZ nq|  AwZ m~ÿ KvR †hvgb: B‡jKUawb· Gi AvBwm ̧‡jv (IC) evbv‡bvi Rb ̈ Ges PCB (Printed Circuit Board) evbv‡bvi Rb ̈ †iveU e ̈eüZ nq|  wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î mvR©vwii Kv‡R mKjfv‡e e ̈envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|  KvLvbvi wRwbmcÎ ms‡hvRb, c ̈vwKs Ges wRwbmcÎ cwien‡bi Rb ̈ †ive‡Ui e ̈envi djcÖm~|  mvgwiK Kv‡R - †evgv wbw®...q Kiv, f‚wg gvBb kbv3KiY, wgwjUvwi Acv‡ik‡b e ̈eüZ nq| myZivs ejv hvq, Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b wewfbœ Kv‡R ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z hš¿wUi e ̈envi m¤¢e| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î †Kbv I iÿYv‡eÿY LiP, e ̈vUvwii e ̈vKAvc, cÖhyw3MZ RwUjZv Giƒc wKQz P ̈v‡jÄ I we` ̈gvb| G mKj cÖwZK‚jZv †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ive‡Ui e ̈envi AZ ̈šÍ djcÖm~| cÖkœ3 Wvt iZb Z¡K K ̈vÝv‡i AvμvšÍ GKRb †ivMxi wPwKrmv wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡M gva ̈‡g m¤úbœ K‡ib| wKš‧ wPwKrmvi c~‡e© wZwb GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ik‡bi gva ̈‡g AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib| (K) †ivewU· Kx? [Kz. †ev. 24] (L) ÔÔwe‡kl cÖhyw3i gva ̈‡g wbivc‡` WavBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢eÓ-e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (M) Wvt iZ‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ eY©bv Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (N) Wvt iZ‡bi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cÖhyw3wU wkÿv, M‡elYv I e ̈emv evwY‡R ̈ e ̈eüZ nq-eY©bv Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K †iv‡evwU· n‡jv †UK‡bvjwRi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b †ive‡Ui MVb, bKkv I •ewkó ̈ wb‡q KvR Kiv nq|
wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  ICT Decoder Batch HSC 26 ............................................................................................................. 3 L we‡kl cÖhyw3Ñ ÔfvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUÕi gva ̈‡g wbivc‡` WavBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| Kw¤úDUvi wmgy ̈‡jk‡bi gva ̈‡g WavBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb ̈ PvjK‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b emv‡bv nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gD‡›UW wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h ̈ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó hvbevn‡bi Af ̈šÍixb Ask Ges Av‡kcv‡ki iv ̄Ívi cwi‡e‡ki GKwU g‡Wj cÖ`k©b Kiv nq| mv‡_ hy3 _v‡K Ôwm· wWMÖx Ae-wd«WgÕ †nW Ua ̈vwKs wm‡÷g| wmgy‡jUiwU‡K e ̈enviKvix A‡Uv‡gvevBj wbqš¿‡Yi gva ̈‡g cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb hvi g‡a ̈ i‡q‡Q G‡·jv‡ikbI †eawKs Gi Rb ̈ w÷qvwis ûBj I c ̈v‡Wj| G c×wZ‡Z Riæix gyû‡Z© hvbenb cwiPvjbv I Gi wbqgKvbyb †kLv‡bv nq| M DÏxc‡K W. iZ‡bi e ̈eüZ wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv μv‡qvmvR©vwi| μv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva ̈‡g AwZ VvÐv cwi‡ek cÖ‡qv‡M A ̄^vfvweK I Amy ̄ wUmy ̈ aŸsm Kiv nq| μv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy ̈i ZvcgvÎv 12 †_‡K †m‡K‡Ði wfi Kwg‡q –120 ~ –165 †m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi| wUmy ̈i wfZi Lye `aæZ AvM©b M ̈vm wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvcgvÎv AZ ̈vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wPmy ̈wU GKwU eidwc‡Ð cwiYZ nq| eidwc‡Ði wfZi wUDgvi wPmy ̈ AvUKv c‡o G‡Z i3 I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| KviY –165° †m. ZvcgvÎvi i3 I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae ̄ vq wUDgvi wUmy ̈wUi ÿq m¤úbœ nq| Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy ̈wUi †fZi wnwjqvg M ̈vm wb:mi‡Yi gva ̈‡g wUmy ̈wUi ZvcgvÎv 20° – 40C G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy ̈i eid| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy ̈i eid M‡j hvq Ges wUmy ̈wU aŸsm n‡q hvq| Z¡‡Ki †QvU wUDgvi, wZj, AvwPj, †QvU †QvU K ̈vÝvi BZ ̈vw` μv‡qvmvR©vwii gva ̈‡g wPwKrmv Kiv nq| GQvov Af ̈šÍixb wKQz †ivM †hgbÑ wjfvi K ̈vÝvi, e„°, cÖ‡÷U K ̈vÝvi BZ ̈vw`i wPwKrmv I Kiv nq| N W. iZ‡bi Ac‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cÖhyw3wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU wkÿv, M‡elYv I e ̈emv evwY‡R ̈i Kv‡R e ̈eüZ nq|  wkÿv: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g eZ©gv‡b Wv3vi‡`i cÖwkÿY, WavBwfs wb‡`©kbv, d¬vBU cwiPvjbv †mbvevnxwb A ̄¿ Pvjbv cÖwkÿY, AvaywbK hš¿vsk e ̈envi cÖwkÿY djcÖm~fv‡e m¤¢e n‡”Q| GQvov ̄..zj K‡jR wek¦we` ̈vj‡q RwUj welq ̧‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva ̈ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc ̄ vcb Kiv hvq| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi e ̈envi wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLvi cÖwμqv‡K Av‡iv ev ̄Íe m¤§Z I B›Uvi ̈KwUf K‡i †Zv‡j| GQvov j ̈e‡iUwii SzuwKc~Y© G·‡cwi‡g›U fvPz©vqvj wi‡qwjwUi e ̈envi SzuwK A‡bKvs‡k Kwg‡q †Zv‡j|  M‡elYv: gnvKvk Awfhv‡b cÖ ̄‧wZc‡e©i bvbv ̧iæZ¡c~Y© cixÿv wbixÿv, b‡fvPvix‡`i Kvh©μg, b‡fvhvb cwiPvjbv m¤úwK©Z hveZxq LyuwUbvwU welq ̧‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖwkÿY I M‡ekYvi fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi we‡kl ̄ vb i‡q‡Q| RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, DNA MVb BZ ̈vw` hv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB e ͇̄e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq wKsev wec3⁄4bK, fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cÖ‡qv‡M †mBme cwi‡ek, cwiw ̄ wZ I M‡ekYvjä djvdj‡K ev ̄Íev‡q‡bi c~‡e©B K...wÎgfv‡e Abyfeb Kiv hvq fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva ̈‡g| Gfv‡e fvPz©qvj wi‡kwjwU M‡elYv †ÿ‡Î bZzb w`MšÍ K‡i‡Q|  e ̈em ̈v-evwb‡R ̈: e ̈emv evwY‡R ̈ fvPz©vqvj wi‡qwjwU wewfbœ DTM¢vebx c×wZ‡Z e ̈eüZ n‡”Q| †μZv‡`i c‡Y ̈i B›UviA ̈vKwUf cÖ`kbx©, fvPz©qvj †÷v‡ii AwfÁZv, Ges cÖwkÿY cwi‡ek •Zwi‡Z e ̈eüZ nq| GwU wi‡qj-UvBg wmgy ̈‡jkb I Bgviwmf AwfÁZvi gva ̈‡g †μZv I e ̈emvix‡`i g‡a ̈ †hvMv‡hvM mnR K‡i| cÖkœ4 evmvi mv‡ne Kw¤úDUvi †gjvq wM‡q GKwU nvW©wW ̄.. wKb‡jb| nvW©wW ̄..wU AvKv‡i Lye †QvU wKš‧ Gi aviYÿgZv A‡bK †ewk| wZwb eÜz„ wcÖ݇K nvW©wW ̄..wU †`Lv‡bvi Rb ̈ Zvui Awd‡m †M‡jb| wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡m wM‡q †`L‡jb D3 Awd‡mi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©PvixMY GKwU h‡š¿i w`‡K ZvKv‡jB Awd‡mi `iRv Ly‡j hv‡”Q| (K) b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? [P. †ev. 24] (L) AwZwi3 i3ÿiY QvovB Acv‡ikb m¤¢e-e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [P. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wWfvBmwU •Zwii cÖhyw3 e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [P. †ev. 24] (N) wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡mi `iRvq e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU we‡kølY Ki| [P. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv Ggb GK cÖe„wË †hLv‡b b ̈v‡bvwgUvi † ̄..‡j GKwU e ̄‧‡K wbcyYfv‡e e ̈envi Kiv hvq A_v©r Gi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, aŸsm ev m„wó Kiv hvq| L μ‡qvmvRv©wi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M AwZwi3 i3ÿiY QvovB Acv‡ikb m¤¢e| G †K.k‡j wUDgvi wUmy ̈i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a ̈ Kwg‡q – 120–165C ZvcgvÎvqv wb‡q Avmv nq| AZ ̈vwaK ZvcgvÎv n«v‡m †Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wUmy ̈wU GKwU eidwc‡Û cwiYZ nq| –165C ZvcgvÎvi i3 I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| ZvB wUDgvi wUmy ̈ ÿqcÖvß nq Ges i3ÿiY QvovB Acv‡ikb m¤¢e nq| M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †QvU AvKv‡ii D”P aviYÿgZv m¤úbœ nvW©wW ̄.. •Zwi‡Z e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 n‡jv b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR‡K cvigvYweK ev AvYweK † ̄..‡j AwZÿz`a wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb ̈ avZe e ̄‧‡K mywbcybfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb ejv nq| mvaviYZ b ̈v‡bv cÖhyw3 Ggb me KvVv‡gv wb‡q KvR K‡i hv AšÍZ GKwU gvÎvq 100 b ̈v‡bvwgUvi †_‡K †QvU| b ̈v‡bv cÖhyw3 eûgvwÎK Gi mxgvbv cÖPwjZ †mwgKÛv±i c`v_©we` ̈v †_‡K AZ ̈vaywbK AvYweK ̄^qs-ms‡kølY cÖhyw3 ch©šÍ; AvYweK KvVv‡gvi wbqš¿Y †_‡K bZzb •ewkó ̈ m¤úbœ b ̈v‡bvc`v‡_©i DTM¢veb ch©šÍ we ̄Í...Z| b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi `ywU cÖwμqv Av‡QÑ i. Top-down: †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU K‡i wbw`©ó AvKvi †`qv Etching c×wZ| Modern electronic G c×wZi Ici cÖwZwôZ| ii. Bottom-up: ÿz`a ÿz`a AvKv‡ii †QvU wRwbm w`‡q eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv| b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR G c×wZi Ici cÖwZwôZ| nvW©wW‡·i Z_ ̈ msiÿ‡Yi ÿgZv evovi †cQ‡b e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 n‡jv GB b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
4 ........................................................................................................................................................................  ICT Chapter-1 N DÏxc‡Ki wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡mi `iRvq e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUa· hvi Øviv AvBwim I †iwUbv ̄.. ̈vwbs Gi gva ̈‡g e ̈vw3 kbvv3KiY m¤¢e| ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3‡Z kbv3Ki‡Yi Rb ̈ gvby‡li †Pv‡Li AvBwim I †iwUbv‡K Av`k© A1⁄2 wn‡m‡e aiv nq| †iwUbvi †ÿ‡Î †Pv‡Li †cQ‡bi bvwj we‡kølY K‡i wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv nq| AvBwi‡ki †ÿ‡Î †Pv‡Li gwYi Pvicv‡k iwOb ejq we‡kølY K‡i wbivcËv †`qv nq| GwU GKwU D”P wbivcËvg~jK kbv3KiY c×wZ| Z‡e GB c×wZ‡Z †PvL I gv_v‡K w ̄ i †i‡L GKwU K ̈v‡givm¤úbœ wWfvB‡mi mvg‡b `vuov‡Z nq| wbLyuZ bv n‡j A‡bK mgqB Kvw•LZ djvdj cvIqv hvq bv| GB c×wZ‡Z e ̈eüZ †Pv‡Li wWfvB‡mi `vg I †g‡gvwi AZ ̈vwaK| GB c×wZ‡Z Av‡jvK ̄^íZv cy‡iv Kvh©μg‡K e ̈nZ K‡i| †Pv‡L Pkgv _vK‡j GB Kvh©μg e ̈nZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z †ÿÎwe‡k‡l †Pv‡L ÿwZ nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K| Z‡e G c×wZ‡Z gvÎ 1 †_‡K 10 †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M| Ges G c×wZi Kvh©KvixZv †ewk nIqvi AwaK wmwKDwiwU m¤úbœ RvqMvq GB ev‡qv‡gwUaK c×wZ e ̈eüZ nq| cÖkœ5 `„k ̈Kí-1: Wv3vi gwbiv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R Zvi wkÿv_x©‡`i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi KvUv †Quov QvovB AZ ̈vwaK wb¤œZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ ai‡bi K ̈vbmvi wbivgq m¤ú‡K© cvV`vb Ki‡jb| `„k ̈Kí-2: W. gvgyb we‡kl cÖhyw3 e ̈envi K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi DwTM¢` I cÖvYx DTM¢ve‡bi j‡ÿ ̈ cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡q KvR Ki‡Qb| (K) gnvKvk Awfhvb Kx? [e. †ev. 24] (L) ÿz`a AvKv‡ii wRwbm w`‡q eo AvKv‡ii wRwbm •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw3wU e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [e. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k ̈Kí-1 G †h wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| [e. †ev. 24] (N) `„k ̈Kí-2 G W. gvgyb †h cÖhyw3 e ̈envi Ki‡Qb Zv Lv‡` ̈ ̄^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z Acwinvh©-we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| [e. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K gnvKvk Awfhvb n‡jv gnvKvk m¤úwK©Z M‡elYv I AbymÜv‡bi Rb ̈ Pvjv‡bv •eÁvwbK Kvh©μg| L ÿz`a AvKv‡i wRwbm w`‡q eo AvKv‡i wRwbm •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw3 n‡jv eUg-Avc c×wZ| eUg Avc c×wZ n‡jv ÿz`a ÿz`a AvKv‡ii wRwbm w`‡q eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv| b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv eUg Avc cÖhyw3| b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR‡Z b ̈v‡bvwgUvi † ̄..‡j ÿz`a ÿz`a Dcv`vb w`‡q •Zwi Kiv n‡e wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq e ̄‧| †hgb: nvW©wW‡ ̄..i Z_ ̈ msiÿ‡Yi ÿgZv w`b w`b evo‡Q| nvW©wW‡ ̄..I e ̈eüZ n‡”Q b ̈v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| M DÏxc‡K W. gwbiv e ̈eüZ wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv μv‡qvmvR©vwi| μv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva ̈‡g AwZ VvÐv cwi‡ek cÖ‡qv‡M A ̄^vfvweK I Amy ̄ wPmy ̈ aŸsm Kiv nq| μv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy ̈i ZvcgvÎv 12 †_‡K †m‡K‡Ði wfi Kwg‡q –120 ~ –165 †m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi| wUmy ̈i wfZi Lye `aæZ AvM©b M ̈vm wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvcgvÎv AZ ̈vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wPmy ̈wU GKwU eidwc‡Ð cwiYZ nq| eidwc‡Ði wfZi wUDgvi wPmy ̈ AvUKv c‡o G‡Z i3 I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| KviY –165° †m. ZvcgvÎvi i3 I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae ̄ vq wUDgvi wUmy ̈wUi ÿq m¤úbœ nq| Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy ̈wUi †fZi wnwjqvg M ̈vm wb:mi‡Yi gva ̈‡g wUmy ̈wUi ZvcgvÎv 20° – 40C G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy ̈i eid| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy ̈i eid M‡j hvq Ges wUmy ̈wU aŸsm n‡q hvq| Z¡‡Ki †QvU wUDgvi, wZj, AvwPj, †QvU †QvU K ̈vÝvi BZ ̈vw` μv‡qvmvR©vwii gva ̈‡g wPwKrmv Kiv nq| GQvov Af ̈šÍixb wKQz †ivM †hgbÑ wjfvi K ̈vÝvi, e„°, cÖ‡÷U K ̈vÝvi BZ ̈vw`i wPwKrmv I Kiv nq| N DÏxc‡K `„k ̈Kí-2 G Wv. gvgyb †h cÖhyw3 e ̈envi Ki‡Qb Zv n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| Lv‡` ̈ ̄^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡ZI G cÖhyw3 Acwinvh©|  †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva ̈‡g weÁvbxiv D”P djbkx‡j Ges DbœZ gv‡bi km ̈, †hgb avb, gUi, wkg BZ ̈vw`, •Zwi K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j Lv` ̈ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q, hv Lv` ̈ ̄^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvi c‡_ ̧iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc|  †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis km ̈‡K wewfbœ cwi‡ekMZ SzuwK, †hgb †cvKgvKo †ivM Ges cÖwZK~j Rjevqy cwiw ̄ wZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| GwU Lv` ̈ k‡m ̈i ÿwZ Kwg‡q Drcv`b eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh ̈ K‡i|  GB cÖhyw3i gva ̈‡g m¤ú~Y© bZzb ai‡Yi km ̈ DTM¢veb Kiv m¤¢e, hv Lv` ̈ Drcv`b e ̈e ̄ v‡K AviI •ewPÎgq Ges w ̄ wZkxj K‡i|  k‡m ̈i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv evwo‡q, †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Lv‡` ̈i gvb DbœZ Ki‡Q Ges Drcv‡`‡bi avivevwnKZv wbwðZ Ki‡Q|  k‡m ̈i `aæZ e„w× Ges cywó ̧Y e„w× Kivi gva ̈‡g †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Lv‡` ̈i ̧YMZ gvb I cwigvY GKm‡1⁄2 evwo‡q Lv` ̈ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡Q| GB me ̧‡jv Kvh©μg Lv` ̈ msKU †gvKvwejv K‡i Ges `xN©‡gqv‡` Lv‡` ̈ ̄^qs m¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡b ̧iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cÖkœ6 eZ©gvb hy‡M •mwbKiv GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw3 e ̈envi K‡i N‡i e‡mB K...wÎg cwi‡e‡k hy‡×i wewfbœ †K.kj iß Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwkÿY K ̈v‡¤ú cÖ‡e‡ki Rb ̈ GKwU wWfvB‡m AvOz‡ji Qvc Ges Aci GKwU wWfvB‡mi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z nq| (K) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Kx? [e. †ev. 24] (L) eZ©gvb wPwKrmK‡`i cvkvcvwk hš¿I mvR©vwii KvR Ki‡Q-e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [e. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K •mwbK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Y e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [e. †ev. 24] (N) DÏxc‡K cÖwkÿY K ̈v‡¤ú cÖ‡e‡k e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3i c×wZ `ywUi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki| [e. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K Rxe msμvšÍ Z_ ̈ e ̈e ̄ vcbvi Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw3i cÖ‡qvMB ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUa·|