Tiêu đề 07 DevPsy - Development in Adolescence.pdf ✅

Language Development ● Adolescence brings further refinements in vocabulary ● By ages 16 to 18, the average young person knows approximately 80,000 words ● Vocabulary knowledge is crucial for reading comprehension ● With the advent of abstract thought, adolescents can define and discuss such abstractions as love, justice, and freedom ● They more frequently use such terms as however, otherwise, anyway, therefore, really, and probably to express logical relationships ● They become more conscious of words as symbols that can have multiple meanings, and they take pleasure in using irony, puns, and metaphors ● Adolescents become more skilled in social perspective-taking ○ Ability to tailor their speech to another person’s POV ● Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model: decision making influenced by two cognitive systems – verbatim analytical and gist-intuitional, which operate in parallel Moral Reasoning ● Tendencies that foster moral development ○ Take another person’s perspective ○ Solve social problems ○ Deal with interpersonal relationships ○ See themselves as social beings ● Kohlberg’s Moral Development focused on how children develop morality and moral reasoning ○ Used the Heinz Dilemma to gather information ○ Emphasis is on the development of Justice and Fairness ○ Cosmic Stage: people consider the effect of their actions not only on other people but on the universe as a whole KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level I: Preconventional Morality (0-9) Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Level II: Conventional Morality (9-20) Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Level III: Post Conventional Morality (20 up) Stage 5: Social Contract Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles ● Gilligan’s Moral Development focused on how children develop morality based on care and empathy ○ Applicable to women ○ Gilligan believed that women are empathic by nature ○ She also argued that Kohlberg’s theory is more applicable to men Prosocial Behavior ● Prosocial behavior typically increases from childhood through adolescence ● Parents who are warm, sympathetic, and use prosocial reasoning themselves are more likely to have teens who behave in prosocial way ● Girls tend to show more prosocial behavior and empathetic concern than boys ● Peers could increase or decrease the occurrence of prosocial behavior EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES Influences on School Achievement ● Student Motivation and Self-Efficacy ○ School: offers opportunities to learn info, master new skills, and sharpen old skills ○ Educational practices are based on the assumption that students are, or can be motivated to learn ○ Students high in academic self-efficacy are likely to do well in school ● Gender ○ Male and female brains show some differences in structure and organization ■ These differences tend to become more pronounced with age ■ Girls have more gray matter, and the growth of gray matter peaks earlier ■ Their neurons also have more connections ■ On average, boys have bigger brains ■ They also have more connective white matter ■ They also have more cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the longer paths of nerve impulses. ○ Boys are more likely to fail to achieve a baseline of proficiency in reading, mathematics, and science ○ Girls do better on verbal tasks that involve writing and language usage ○ Boys do better in activities that involve visual and spatial functions helpful in math and science ● Family, Ethnicity, and Peer Influences ○ Spillover: experiences in different contexts influence each other ○ Stress at home has been shown to predict problems with attendance and learning 4 | @studywithky