Tiêu đề Chapter 1 The Features of Scientific Inquiry.pdf ✅

CHAPTER OUTLINE: Sources of Knowledge Other Aspects of Science The Nature of Research “Scientific Inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work. Inquiry also refers to the activities of students in which they develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world.” - National Research Council THE FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • Enumerate the five major sources of knowledge and the strengths and weaknesses of each. • Explain the steps in scientific inquiry. • Give the assumptions that lie behind science. • State the attitudes of a scientist. • Enumerate the criteria that make theories useful in science. • Define research. • Enumerate the characteristics of research. LEARNING OUTCOMES:

L e a r n i n g R e s e a r c h T h e E a s y W a y | 3 Weaknesses: The conclusion of a syllogism can never exceed the content of the premises. You cannot conduct scientific inquiry through deductive reasoning alone since it is difficult to establish the universal truth of many statements dealing with scientific phenomena. 4. Inductive Reasoning This is the reverse of deductive reasoning, where you reach a conclusion by observing examples and generalizing from them. What are the characteristics of inductive reasoning? a. Inductive reasoning can be perfect – requires the investigator to examine every instance of a phenomenon. He must examine all examples. b. It can also be imperfect – a system wherein you observe a sample of a group and infer characteristics of the entire group from that sample. Strength: It allows direct observation to get information to be able to make a conclusion. Weaknesses: The use of induction alone resulted in the accumulation of isolated facts and information that made little contribution to the advancement of knowledge. People found that many problems could not be solved by induction alone. 5. The Scientific Approach This is an integration of the most important aspects of the inductive and deductive methods – the inductive-deductive method or the scientific approach. It uses hypotheses that make it different from the inductive method. It acquires knowledge wherein investigators move inductively from their observations to hypotheses to the logical implications of the hypotheses. In the scientific approach, you reason out why a hypothesis is true and then make systematic observations to confirm (or fail to confirm) the hypothesis. The real purpose of scientific method is to make sure that Nature hasn’t misled you into thinking that you know something that you don’t actually know. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a statement that describes relationships among constructs – abstract ideas devised on the basis of observations in order to relate the observations to theory, but constructs themselves are not observable.