Tiêu đề [GV] ĐỀ 18 - A. ĐỀ THI.docx ✅

4 (Adapted from International of the Commons, “Space resources and the politics of international regime formation”) Question 18. A. Because mineral extraction is nonrivalrous by nature, no coordination problem arises among early entrants. B. Between these poles stretches a spectrum of designs – from goalsetting compacts to hardlaw regimes – each balancing flexibility against equity. C. Although space law clearly authorizes sovereign claims over celestial terrain, it forbids any licensing of private activities. D. Since appropriation is explicitly permitted, uncertainty concerns little beyond technical standards. Question 19. A. Without some baseline of shared obligations, priority can ossify into exclusion, with logistics hubs functioning as tollgates. B. Not until resources become abundant will actors reveal any incentive to coordinate. C. So long as exploration remains purely scientific, proprietary data vaults ensure equitable access. D. Provided safety zones are indefinite, they automatically guarantee fair access for latecomers. Question 20. A. Consequently are inspection mechanisms dispensed with until permanent settlements are established. B. Hence do some urge a staged architecture: pilot norms and reversible safety zones now, auditable fees and allocation boards as activities intensify. C. Therefore must firms receive perpetual property rights, insulating them from any future redistribution. D. For that reason do policymakers recommend only informal pledges, lest rigid treaties impede innovation. Question 21. A. Should enforcement lag, confidence in benefitsharing will flourish and opportunism will recede. B. Were oversight credible – as with transparent registries, inspections, and sanctionable breaches – compliance would cease to rely on goodwill alone. C. Had access been unlimited, unilateral codes of conduct would have sufficed to manage rivalry. D. Were safety zones to expire promptly, operators could never plan logistics beyond a single launch window. Question 22. A. Only if highrisk pioneers are indemnified for losses will any concern for global fairness become redundant. B. Thus does resource allocation in space rehearse an old argument: whether exploration should serve an economy of enclosure or a commons of obligation. C. So it follows that collective rights, once articulated, must immediately supersede all commercial contracts. D. Hence the Moon Agreement’s universal ratification has already settled the matter beyond dispute. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30. GenZ’s public profile is saturated with the rhetoric of solidarity, but the daytoday practice often looks more like choreography than mobilization. Classroom fluency in justiceadjacent vocabulary has migrated to timelines, where identityaffirming memes crowd out logistics for canvassing or courtwatching. Brands have learned the idiom too, producing sleek carousels that simulate urgency while carefully avoiding commitments that would inconvenience shareholders. A common defense of such performances is that awareness precedes action; yet the algorithm rewards velocity over stamina. Posts cascade during acute crises only to evaporate as soon as novelty decays. When signaling becomes a substitute for commitment, the pose of care can displace the labor of care. The result is a cycle in which moral attention spikes