Tiêu đề NCM 113 - PRELIMS ✅

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS behalf, with a focus on developing community, system, and individual or family’s capacity to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf Social marketing Utilizes commercial marketing principles & technologies for programs designed to influence knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population of interest Policy development and enforcement Places health issues on decision makers’ agendas, acquires plan of resolution, & determines needed resources, resulting in laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies. Policy enforcement compels others to comply with laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies IV. The Prepayment Mechanism A. Community health nursing services are free at point of care because public health services are provided by government agencies. These services are prepaid by general population through taxes B. Provides for the means to "socialize" health services. NURSING THEORIES AND THEORISTS Nursing experts continuously looking for ways to improve nursing practice; this gives birth to nursing theories with goal to improve nursing practice I. Health Belief Model A. The model evolved from the premise that the world of the perceiver determines action B. The HBM may effectively promote behavioral change by altering patients’ perspectives, but it does not acknowledge the health professional’s responsibility to reduce or ameliorate health care barriers. C. Assumes a person's primary motivation of Positive health action to avoid getting a disease, likelihood of getting disease and it considers before prior to having this behavior D. Depicts complex multi-dimensional factors with with which people interact as they work to achieve optimum health E. Variables: All of these play a role whether a person take positive action to avoid getting a disease or not (Variables affect the likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action which is the end point of this health belief model) 1. Modifying factors a) Demographic Variables (1) Age (2) Race (3) Gender (4) Ethnicity b) Socio Psychological Variables c) Perceived Threat of Disease “X” d) Cues to Action: served as a venues and increase likelihood for one to take positive health actions (1) Mass media campaigns (2) Advice from others (3) Reminder postcard from physician / dentist (4) Illness of family member or friend (5) Newspaper or magazine article 2. Individual perceptions - Person evaluates if barrier is high compared to benefit of certain action a) Perceived susceptibility to Disease “X” b) Perceived Seriousness (Severity) of Disease “X” 3. Likelihood of Action a) Perceived benefits of preventive action MINUS Perceived barriers to preventive action II. NANCY MILIO’s FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTION A. Includes set of propositions to provide frame of reference for proposed strategies to improve healthful behavior by placing personal choice making in context of societal option setting B. Outlined relationship between individual's ability to have healthy behavior and society's ability to provide accessible & affirming options for healthy choices. C. Preventive behavior or individual choice related to health promotion or health damaging behavior are influenced by socio-economic status, culture, educational status, and accessibility of health options like health insurance coverage. D. Source and funds of insurance influences choice of health services and health expert E. If any alteration of pattern is noted (increase in degree of smoking) and becomes difficult to maintain and modify -- this cause for policy making mandates (example: creation of anti-tobacco policy) F. Addressing chronic or persistent health problem is challenging; clients are aware of cause and effect but reluctant to make lifestyle change to prevent or reverse condition -- once these clients are given new information or resources, these can attract attention and direct changes in behavior in promotion of health G. Milio used these propositions to move the focus of attention upstream by challenging the notion that a main determinant for unhealthy behavior choice is lack of knowledge. H. She said that government and institutional policies set the range of health options, so community health nursing needs to examine a community’s level of health and attempt to influence a community’s health through public policy. I. She noted that the range of available health choices is critical in shaping a society’s overall health status. J. Milio believed that national-level policy making was the best way to favorably impact the health of most Americans rather than concentrating efforts on imparting information in an effort to change individual patterns of behavior. K. health deficits often result from an imbalance between a population’s health needs and its health sustaining resources. She stated that the diseases associated with excess (e.g., obesity and alcoholism) afflict affluent societies and that the diseases resulting from inadequate or unsafe food, shelter, and water afflict the poor. Within this context, the poor in affluent societies may experience the least desirable combination of factors. 2