Nội dung text SEP 2025 BIOLOGY BLESSINGS.pdf
Compiled by Sir Vincent Bayawa • Organelle that stores water, food, and wastes → Vacuole • Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis → Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Type of ER with ribosomes – site of protein synthesis → Rough ER • Type of ER without ribosomes – site of lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage and release → Smooth ER • Double-layered boundary surrounding the nucleus → Nuclear envelope • Most abundant lipid used for insulation → Fats • Basic building blocks of fats → Glycerol and fatty acids • Lipids that form the main component of cell membranes → Phospholipids • Lipids that serve as hormones and structural molecules → Steroids • Waxy lipid layer covering leaves to reduce water loss → Cutin/Wax • Energy storage molecules that yield more energy than carbohydrates → Lipids • Steroid lipid important in animal cell membranes → Cholesterol • Essential fatty acids needed from diet → Omega-3 and Omega-6 • Type of fat solid at room temperature → Saturated fat • Animal source of saturated fat → Butter, lard, fatty meat • Type of fat liquid at room temperature → Unsaturated fat • Plant source of unsaturated fat → Olive oil, sunflower oil, nuts • Lipid stored in adipose tissue for insulation and energy → Triglycerides • Process by which unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats → Hydrogenation • DHA → Docosahexaenoic acid – important for brain and eye development/function • EPA → Eicosapentaenoic acid – helps reduce inflammation and supports heart health • ALA → Alpha-linolenic acid – plant-based omega-3, converted in small amounts to EPA and DHA • Father of science and non-supernatural, believed that Earth is a sphere → Pythagoras of Samos • Believed that everything comes from water → Thales of Miletus • Introduced the concept of “boundless” (Apeiron) as the origin of all things → Anaximander • Believed that air is the primary substance of the universe → Anaximenes • Taught that “change is constant,” known for the idea that everything flows → Heraclitus • Proposed that “nothing changes” and change is an illusion → Parmenides • First to propose that matter is composed of small indivisible particles called atoms → Democritus • Believed that the universe is composed of four basic elements: earth, air, fire, water → Empedocles • Developed the method of questioning to seek truth → Socrates • Student of Socrates, emphasized ideal forms and established the Academy → Plato • Student of Plato, Father of Biology, classified plants and animals → Aristotle
Compiled by Sir Vincent Bayawa • Famous Greek physician, Father of Medicine, stressed natural causes of disease → Hippocrates • Developed geometry→ Euclid • Greek mathematician who worked on levers, pulleys, and buoyancy → Archimedes • Branch of medicine that helps cancer patients → Oncology • Abnormal growth of cells that may form a mass → Tumor • Tumor that does not spread and is not cancerous → Benign tumor • Tumor that invades tissues and spreads → Malignant tumor • Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body → Metastasis • Substance or agent that causes cancer → Carcinogen • Treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells → Chemotherapy • Treatment using high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells → Radiotherapy • Type of cancer that begins in the skin or tissue lining organs → Carcinoma • Type of cancer that begins in bone, muscle, or connective tissue → Sarcoma • Cancer of the blood or bone marrow → Leukemia • Change in DNA that may lead to cancer → Mutation • Lifestyle factor that increases cancer risk → Smoking • Most common cancer in women worldwide → Breast cancer • Most common cancer in men worldwide → Prostate cancer • Protected by exoskeleton → Crustaceans (Arthropods) • Outer layer made of chitin that protects arthropods → Exoskeleton • Circulatory fluid in crustaceans and other arthropods → Hemolymph • Molting (shedding of exoskeleton) in arthropods → Ecdysis • Demand for energy increased .... (Continue support for mass transport) • Plastic – artificial polymers • Basic unit (repeating structure) of polymers → Monomer • Process of linking monomers to form polymers → Polymerization • Teflon → Addition polymerization • Nylon → Condensation polymerization • Day-neutral plants – Ex. Roses • The physiological response of plants to the length of day and night → Photoperiodism • Light-sensitive pigment responsible for photoperiodism → Phytochrome • Father of bacteriology – Robert Koch • Father of marine microbiology – Certres • Father of Biology → Aristotle • Father of Botany → Theophrastus • Father of Zoology → Aristotle • Father of Medicine → Hippocrates • Father of Modern Medicine → Andreas Vesalius • Father of Modern Anatomy → Andreas Vesalius • Father of Microbiology → Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek • Father of Protozoology → Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Father of Microscopy → Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Father of Modern Microbiology → Louis Pasteur • Father of Virology → Martinus Beijerinck • Father of Immunology → Louis Pasteur • Father of Modern immunology → Louis Pasteur
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