Tiêu đề ĐÁP ÁN ĐỀ TRẠI HÈ HÙNG VƯƠNG YÊN BÁI LỚP 11 2024.docx - Recovered.pdf ✅

1 TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN NGUYỄN TẤT THÀNH - YÊN BÁI ĐỀ THI ĐỀ XUẤT (Đề này có 18 trang) TRẠI HÈ HÙNG VƯƠNG LẦN THỨ XVIII, NĂM 2024 ĐỀ THI MÔN TIẾNG ANH – LỚP 11 Thời gian: 180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề) SECTION I: LISTENING Part 1: Complete the notes below with ONLY ONE WORD for each numbered blank Microplastics Where microplastics come from • fibres from some 1 _______ clothing ______ during washing • the breakdown of large pieces of plastic • waste from industry • the action of vehicle tyres on roads Effects of microplastics • They cause injuries to the 2 _______ mouths ______ of wildlife and affect their digestive systems. • They enter the food chain, e.g., in bottled and tap water, 3 _______ salt ______ and seafood. • They may not affect human health, but they are already banned in skin cleaning products and 4 _______ toothpaste ______ in some countries. • Microplastics enter the soil through the air, rain and 5 ______ fertilizers _______. Microplastics in the soil – a study by Anglia Ruskin University • Earthworms are important because they add 6 _______ nutrients ______ to the soil. • The study aimed to find whether microplastics in earthworms affect the 7 _______ growth ______ of plants. • The study found that microplastics caused: √ 8 _______ weight ______ loss in earthworms √ fewer seeds to germinate √ a rise in the level of 9 _______ acid ______ in the soil. • The study concluded: √ soil should be seen as an important natural process. √ changes to soil damage both ecosystems and 10 ______ society _______. TRANSCRIPT In today’s lecture, I’m going to be talking about microplastics. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than five millimetres in size. Recently there’s been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste – big and small – in the environment. The amount of
2 plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention, but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil. Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources. Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they’re put in a washing machine, and these find their way into the water system. Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment, and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time. On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as are tyres which wear down as cars, lorries and so on travel along road surfaces. We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals. There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths, or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system. Surprisingly perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products, including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap. What’s more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics. However, it’s important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people. In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels, facial cleansers and toothpaste. It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect, but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain. What’s more, many of the fertilisers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics. A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms. These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system. By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile. The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil – and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms – would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth. The short answer was, yes, it did. After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial rye grass. The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high- density polyethylene, or HDPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil. The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly. What’s more, a lower percentage than normal of the rye grass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile. The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil , and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic. The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading – I’ve included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session. To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as
3 we would regard any other process in nature. This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms. That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics, not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted. Part 2: Listen to the following recording and answer the following questions. Write NO MORE THAN FIVE WORDS for each answer. 1. What combines with bacteria to produce body odor? armpit’s secretion 2. At what stage of life do apocrine glands typically develop? puberty 3. What type of chemicals give body odor its oniony aroma? sulfur-containing chemicals 4. What detects odor molecules at very low concentrations? specialized receptors 5. Which ethnic group commonly has a gene variant that nearly eliminates body odor? East Asian descent TRANSCRIPT "A pungent blend of onions, cheese, and cat urine with hints of... is that...wet goat? Most of us don’t need more than one whiff to identify that generally unpleasant, characteristic smell we call body odor. But it’s a surprisingly complex phenomenon, influenced by our genetic makeup, age, diet, and hygiene. So what is this odor, exactly? Where does it come from? And can we do anything about it? To start, you just need two things to produce that familiar scent: your armpit’s own secretions and the bacteria that feed on them. Most people associate body odor with sweat, and it’s an important piece of the puzzle. Your body has millions of sweat glands, and they come in two major types: eccrine glands are found all over your skin, and secrete mainly water and salt. Apocrine glands, on the other hand, develop at puberty in your armpits, and a few other places on your body. The sweat they secrete is full of proteins and fats. By themselves, these secretions are usually odorless. That’s where bacteria come in. Every square centimeter of our bodies is covered with thousands of bacteria. Many microorganisms thrive in moist environments, like our armpits. There, you can find about a million bacteria per square centimeter, one of the highest concentrations anywhere on the skin. Lurking in this throng of microorganisms are species of Corynebacteria, Staphylococci, Micrococci, and others. When these bacteria feed on the proteins and fats in apocrine sweat, they turn the odorless compounds into new ones that can smell very unpleasant. Some of the worst offenders may be sulfur-containing chemicals; those give body odor its oniony aroma. Carboxylic acids are in the mix, too, adding notes of cheese. These molecules waft up from the armpit and can be sucked directly into our noses, where they’re trapped and detected by an array of specialized receptors. Those can recognize odor molecules at concentrations of less than one in a million. So what determines how strong your body odor might be? It depends on the resident microbial populations in
4 your armpit, and the nutrients that your glands provide them with. Your genes help determine what compounds you produce, and in what quantity, so everyone has a slightly different set. In fact, a gene variant that virtually eliminates body odor is common in people of East Asian descent. Adrenaline increases the ratio of apocrine to eccrine sweat, so body odor can be more intense when you’re nervous. Bacterial composition and concentration also varies between individuals and plays a part. Even what you eat can have a small effect on how you smell. So how can we deal with body odor? Washing the armpits with soap and water helps but won’t remove all the bacteria, since many are buried in deeper layers of the skin. Deodorants, however, inhibit bacterial activity and mask odors at the same time. Antiperspirants work by forming tiny gel plugs that block sweat glands, drying out the armpits. While we continue to battle body odor, scientists are trying to understand it. We don’t know why the brain often interprets these particular odors as off-putting. But some researchers have proposed that secretions from the armpit could have a positive function, too, like cementing social bonds and providing a means of chemical communication. We don’t know yet if that’s the case. For now, body odor seems to be just another smelly part of the human condition." Part 3: Listen to a talk about indoor ice skating rinks and decide whether these statements are True (T), False (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 1. Ice skating was initially developed as a recreational activity in Northern Europe. FALSE 2. The first indoor ice rink in London opened in 1876 and quickly spread across the country. FALSE 3. Electric refrigeration played a significant role in the popularity of ice skating in the early 20th century. TRUE 4. The third layer of ice in a rink acts as a sealer for the paint and is painted over to create decorative backgrounds. FALSE 5. The final layer of ice in a rink is applied quickly using a hose to ensure uniform thickness. TRUE TRANSCRIPT "If you've ever been to watch any of Britain's professional ice hockey teams, you've no doubt thrilled at the speed and agility of great athletes skating on indoor ice. But you probably take it for granted, the surface that makes it all possible. Nevertheless, the temperature and other characteristics of the surface can make the difference between a championship-winning performance and an embarrassing spill. Indoor ice rinks are used for all sorts of sports and recreational activities, in all of which the quality of the ice makes a big difference. Ice skating began as a means of transporting goods on the frozen rivers and canals throughout Northern Europe long before anyone ever saw it as the recreational activity which it later became (1). Considering that skating for pleasure was done outdoors in the freezing winter weather, it's fair to say that indoor ice rinks were created