Tiêu đề 14. TESTS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIAC DISORDERS.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 4 CREATINE KINASE:  Creatine kinase (CK/CPK) is an enzyme expressed in a number of tissues. Function: it catalysis the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine degrading ATP to ADP.  The CK enzyme consists of two subunits, B (brain type) or M (muscle type) Three different Isoenzymes: CK-MM, CK-BB and CK-MB.  CK-BB occurs mainly in tissues, rarely of any significance in the bloodstream.  Skeletal muscle expresses CK-MM (98%) and low levels of CK-MB (1%).  The myocardium has CK-MM at 70% and CK-MB at ~30%. MYOGLOBIN:  Myoglobin may be ordered as a cardiac biomarker, along with troponin, to help diagnose or rule out a heart attack.  Levels of myoglobin start to rise within 2-3 hours of a heart attack or other muscle injury, reach their highest levels within 8-12 hours, and generally fall back to normal within one day.  An increase in myoglobin is detectable sooner than troponin, but it is not as specific for heart damage and it will not stay elevated as long as troponin.  Sometimes, a urine test is ordered to evaluate myoglobin concentrations in those who have had extensive damage to their skeletal muscles (rhabdomyolysis). 3) NON-LABORATORY TESTS: These tests allow looking at the size, shape, and function of the heart as it is beating. They can be used to detect changes to the rhythm of the heart as well as to detect and evaluate damaged tissues and blocked arteries.  EKG (ECG, electrocardiogram).  Nuclear scan.  Coronary angiography (or arteriography)  Echocardiogram.  Stress testing.  Chest X-ray.  Cardiac catheterization.  Cardiac Stress Testing.  Nuclear imaging.