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Unit II: Hardware and Software Types of Computer Cables: (S/20, S/23 – 8M) In the computer system, there are several different parts which are connected to the system. These parts can be directly plugged into the computer system computer motherboard, or there can be a requirement of some cable to connect computer parts to the system. These parts can be digital cameras, hard drives, mice or other devices. There are different types of cables in the market, like HDMI cable, VGA cable, DVI cable, Ethernet cable, PS/2 cable, 3.5 mm audio cable, USB cable, and computer power cord cable. Types of Computer Cables: Here is the list of Types of Computer Cables 1) HDMI cable: HDMI (High definition Media Interface) is a type of computer cable used to transmit high definition video and audio signals. Using the HDMI cables, the audio and video signal can be easily transmitted without compromising the quality of images and can send crystal clear images using this cable. The HDMI cables are used to connect cable boxes, TVs, DVD players, media streamers and other electronic devices. All types of Av devices can be connected to one standard cable, which is an HDMI cable. Also, one HDMI cable is capable of transmitting both audio and video signals at the same time. 2) VGA cable: VGA (Video Graphics Ray) cable is another type of computer cable which is used for sending video signals and is used to link the monitor and the CPU of a computer. The VGA cable can also be used in HD televisions. All the information displayed on the monitor is coming from the VGA cable. There is a total of 15 pins in the plug-in the cable, which have three rows containing 5 pins each. And the cable is easily fitted in the monitor and the other end is fixed in the CPU of a computer system.3. DVI cable. 3) DVI cable: DVI cables are used to connect the LCD monitor and the video card. Using this cable, the user can see high image quality without having any disturbance. The DVI cable is mostly used in CRT monitors, which have a VGA connection. This cable transmits the digital and analog signals to the computer system. The DVI cable is capable enough of digital connections and analog connections. The DVI cable can be easily distinguished, whether it is analog or digital, by looking if there is any flat pin present on the cable. If the flat pin has four pins around, then it is a DVI analog, and there is only a flat pin, then it is DVI digital. 4) Ethernet Cable:
The Ethernet cable is a type of computer network cable which is used for a wired network. The Ethernet cable is used to connect the switches, monitors, PCs to the LAN (Local Area Network). The length and durability of the Ethernet cable describe the quality of the connection. If the cable is too long and is not durable, it will contain a poor quality of the signal. And due to this factor, there are different types of Ethernet cables present in the market. The Ethernet cables are plugged into the Ethernet port present on the motherboard. The Ethernet cable looks like a phone cable but contains more wires than phone cables. There are eight wires in the Ethernet cable, and they can be available in different colors in the market. 5) PS/2 Cable: The PS/2 cable is a standard cable to connect the mouse and keyboard to the computer system. The length of the PS/2 cable is long enough so that the user can easily connect the mouse and keyboard to the system and use the system. There are a total of 6 pins in PS/2 cables and have a round connector. There are majorly two sizes of PS/2 cable. The smaller size is the most common cable, but some adaptors can be used to convert it into a larger size. This cable is now replaced with USB cables as they are universal cables and can be easily plugged into any system. 6) USB cables: The USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable is a standard cable used to connect universal devices or personal computers. It is mainly used for short-distance digital communication. The digital data can be transferred using a USB cable. Nowadays, the USB cable is used to charge devices like smartphones, Bluetooth speakers, trimmers and many more. The USB cables can be used to connect two devices directly. The USB cable is connected to the USB port present in the computer system. The mouse and keyboard are also connected to a USB port as they have USB cables. As the device is connected through the USB cable, the unplugging of the USB cable when a device is running can cause damage to a device, so whenever there is a need of removing the USB cable, first it should be eject safely and then it should be removed from the system. 7) IDE (Integrated Driver Electronics): IDE cables were used to connect storage devices to a motherboard. If you’ve ever opened up a an old hard drive then you likely know what an IDE connector looks like: it’s the wide cable that looks like a ribbon with more than 2 plugs. The connectors on an IDE cable have 40 pins; the smaller 2.5-inch drive variety uses a form-factor version of the IDE that has 44 pins. 8) SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): Newer hard drives mainly prefer SATA ports over IDE ports. In fact, SATA was designed to succeed IDE, and it has. Compared to IDE, SATA provides higher data transfer speeds. Your motherboard needs to be compatible with SATA these days; fortunately, A standard SATA cable can be identified by two connectors, each having 7 pins and an empty notch. It looks like an L-shape.
9) E-sata (External Sata): eSATA technology is an extension of, or improvement on, the SATA cable—it makes SATA technology available in an external form. In reality, eSATA isn’t much different than SATA, but it allows connections to devices like external hard drives and external optical drives. However, eSATA has fallen out of popularity due to advancements in USB speeds. Computer Buses: The CPU sends various data values, instructions and information to all the devices and components inside the computer. If you look at the bottom of a motherboard you'll see a whole network of lines or electronic pathways that join the different components together. This network of wires or electronic pathways is called the 'Bus'. Types of System Buses:  Data Bus  Address Bus  Control Bus Data Bus: A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another is called Data Bus. Data Bus can be thought of as a highway on which data travels within a computer. This bus connects all the computer components to the CPU and main memory. The size (width) of bus determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. Example:  A 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data at a time.  32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits at a time. Address Bus: A collection of wires used to identify particular location in main memory is called Address Bus. or in other words, the information used to describe the memory locations travels along the address bus. The size of address bus determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Example:  A system with 4-bit address bus can address 24 = 16 Bytes of memory.  A system with 16-bit address bus can address 216 = 64 KB of memory.  A system with 20-bit address bus can address 220 = 1 MB of memory. Control Bus: The connections that carry control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer is called Control Bus. The control bus carries signals that report the status of various devices. Example: This bus is used to indicate whether the CPU is reading from memory or writing to memory.
Installation of Keyboard: Today, almost all wired keyboards use USB as the interface to the computer. Older computers may use PS/2 as an interface to the computer. If your keyboard is wireless, it can be communicating over Bluetooth, RF (radio frequency), or IR (infrared). Below are the steps on how to connect each of these types of computer keyboards. 1) Connecting a USB keyboard: Connect the USB keyboard to the USB ports on the back or front of your computer. If you are using a USB hub, it can also be connected to the hub. However, we recommend a direct connection to the back of the computer if possible. If you have a laptop computer, an external keyboard can also be connected to one of the USB ports. If no USB ports are available, a USB hub would be needed. After the keyboard has been connected, it should automatically be detected and installed. If the keyboard has any special features, you need to install the keyboard software and drivers. 2) Wireless keyboard: All wireless keyboards have a receiver that is plugged into the computer (usually by USB connection), and the keyboard connects to that receiver wirelessly. Connect this receiver either into the back or front of your computer. Once connected, make sure your wireless keyboard has batteries or is charged and turned on. After the keyboard has been connected, it should be automatically detected and installed. If the keyboard has any special features, you need to install the keyboard software and drivers. 3) Connecting a PS/2 keyboard: Connect the keyboard to the PS/2 port on the back of the computer. When looking at the back of the computer, you'll notice two PS/2 ports next to each other. Verify you're connecting the keyboard to the purple connection, as shown in the picture below. If your PS/2 ports are not color coded, the keyboard will be the connection closest to the left edge of the computer (when looking at it from the back). If the connections are vertical and not horizontal like in the picture below, the keyboard connection may be either port, depending on the case and motherboard. Look for a small keyboard symbol next to the port to identify which one is for the keyboard. Installation of Mouse: Today, almost all wired and wireless mice use USB as the interface to the computer. However, older computers may utilize PS/2 or serial ports. If your mouse is wireless, it can be communicating over Bluetooth, RF (radio frequency), or IR(infrared). To proceed, select your connection type from the list below and follow the instructions. 1) Connecting a wireless USB mouse: A cordless mouse has a small receiver that communicates with the mouse. The receiver connects to the computer via a USB port. Look for a USB port in the back or on the side of your computer and plug in the receiver. Once the wireless receiver is connected to the computer, Windows should automatically find and install the appropriate drivers as long as you're connected to the Internet. Make sure there are batteries in the mouse or that it is charged. Next, verify that the mouse is turn on. Many wireless devices have an on and off switch on the bottom of them. 2) Connecting a wired USB mouse: Connect the USB cable coming from the mouse to one of the USB ports (shown right) on the back or side of your computer. If you are using a USB port hub, connect the mouse cable to that. After the mouse is connected, the computer should automatically install the drivers and provide basic functionality. If the mouse you want to change how any special buttons work, additional software may need to be installed. If the mouse is not functioning, see our mouse troubleshooting section. 3) Connecting a Bluetooth mouse A Bluetooth mouse connects to a computer wirelessly using a Bluetooth signal. The computer must have Bluetooth built in or have a Bluetooth adapter connected to it. To connect a Bluetooth mouse to your computer, follow the steps below. Open the Bluetooth utility on your computer and make sure Bluetooth is turned on. The Bluetooth utility, if enabled, can usually be found in the notification area, with an icon that looks like the Bluetooth symbol. Turn on the mouse if it has an On/Off switch. Check the Bluetooth utility to see if it detects the Bluetooth mouse. When the Bluetooth utility finds the Bluetooth mouse, select the mouse in the Bluetooth device list and click the Pair button. If successful, the mouse will be connected to the computer. 4) Connecting a PS/2 mouse: Connect the cable coming from the mouse to the green-colored PS/2 port (shown right) on the back of the computer. If your PS/2 ports are not color coded, the mouse port will be the one furthest away from the left edge of the computer case (when viewed from the back). After the mouse is connected, the computer should automatically install the drivers and provide basic functionality. If the mouse you want to change how any special buttons work, additional software may need to be installed. If the mouse is not functioning, see our mouse troubleshooting section. 5) Connecting a serial mouse: Connect the mouse to the serial port on the back of the computer. If you have more than one serial port on the computer, we recommend connecting the mouse to the first port. Once connected, depending on your computer setup, you may need to configure the mouse COM ports in CMOS setup. Today, most computers no longer have serial ports. Most serial mice are specialized, so to use one, you need