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1 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING Dr. Justinian Filoteo, RCrim, LPT, CSP, CST, MAEd, MSCJ, Ed.D Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education and National Lecturer for Criminologist Licensure Examination POLICING  the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security of the community.  the methods practice by police officers for the maintenance of peace and order. THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM HOMERULE THEORY CONTINENTAL THEORY  Policemen are servants of the community  Effectiveness of policemendepends on the express wishes of the people.  Policemen are servant of higher authority.  They just follow the wishes of top official of the government OLD POLICING CONCEPT MODERN CONCEPT  The yardstick of the efficiency of the police is determined by the number of arrest  Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control.  The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence or lesser occurrence of crimes.  Police omnipresence is considered as the tool or instrument in crime prevention. COMPARATIVE : degree of likeness and unlikeness of two things COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM:  It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations. HOW TO COMPARE? o Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher will visit another country for comparison purposes. o Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign researcher. Why Compare?  Crime has become a global phenomenon.  Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for bilateral and international cooperation become imperative. COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE • It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice system worldwide. Such study can take descriptive, historical or political approach. It studies the differences and similarities in the structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political structure of different systems. TRANSNATIONAL POLICING • It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders. GLOBAL POLICING • Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
2 MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE: 1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A system wherein there is only one police force that is recognized and operates entire a certain country. 2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A police system wherein police administration and operation are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government. MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH: 1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING • A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening. • This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand when and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional policing. • A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes community concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this method is under the work of Goldstein (1979). 2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL • By Sir David Philips • It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can do know a great deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather information about criminals and their organization. The core emphasis are as follows: o The focus on crime alone; o The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups; o The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of criminals to do the business. 3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING • It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received. 4. PREDICTIVE POLICING • A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement to identify potential offenders. • It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible criminal activity. 5. REASSURANCE POLICING • It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given period. • It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or patrol car is nearby. 6. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA) • A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision making process. o Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims, location and types of crimes. o Analysis –looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.
3 Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to come up with and execute an appropriate, long term response. o After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment if necessary. GLOBALIZATION - process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in societies around the world - package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority - refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION  environmental degradation  in many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country take advantage of the lower wage rates  brain drain ... opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from poorer countries, leading to brain drains.  disease  drug and illicit goods trade EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POLICE POSITIVE EFFECTS  Improvement of domestic and international police capabilities  Enhanced international cooperation to combat transnational crimes and terrorism  Strengthened police investigative capabilities NEGATIVE EFFECTS  Threats of Terrorism and Organized Crime  Terrorists and Criminal Groups have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their capability to inflict damage and to commit crimes  Terrorists and Criminals use Internet for communicating among themselves  Terrorists can spread propaganda through the Internet  Increase in criminality and human right violations SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY: 1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY - Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the police and also demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems. 2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY - Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. 3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY - Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
4 4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY - Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. 5. DEPRIVATION THEORY - Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough. 6. MODENIZATION THEORY - Sees the problem as society becoming too complex. 7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY - social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together. Comparative Court System:  Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S. adversarial system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even the U.K., placesas much emphasis upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S. does.  Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more secret procedures. Outside the U.S., most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for themselves. COUNTRIES WITH LOW CRIME RATE: The following countries have low crime rate because of the following reasons. 1. JAPAN • Strong shame-based country rather than guilt-based. • Some reasons of low crime rate. • Community policing. • Patriarchal family system. • Importance of higher education. 2. EGYPT • Siwa Oasis embraces the law of tradition (URRF LAW) • Composed of 23,000 population, 11 tribes. • Plato: fashioned his model of a perfect government. • Last crime around 1950. • Case is manslaughter. • Punishment: social ostracization orshunning (the act of being excluded from the community) 3. IRELAND • Low crime rate despite of serious unemployment problem, presence of large urban ghettos, crisis with religious terrorism. 4. SWITZERLAND • Advertised in travel brochures as no crimes in Switzerland. • High rate of firearm ownership but low crime rate. • Effective in using “iron fist” or velvet gloves.