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SIGMUND FREUD (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY) • Human personality and behavior are powerfully shaped by early childhood relationships. They believed that humans are primarily pleasure-seeking creature dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses. (a) Name: Sigmund Scholomo Freud (b) Occupation: Austrian Neurologist and Psychiatrist (c) Born: March/May 6, 1856 (d) Died: September 23, 1939 (e) Place of Birth: Freiberg, Moravia (now part of Czech Republic) (f) Parents: Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud (g) Wife: Martha Bernays (a) Unconscious – contains all the drives, urges or instincts that are beyond human awareness but motives most of our words, feelings and actions * is the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue and certain kinds of forgetting called repression (b) Preconscious – contains all the elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty (c) Conscious – mental elements in awareness at any give point in time a. The Id – Pleasure principle • it is primitive, chaotic, and inaccessible to consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized and filled with energy received from basicdrives and discharged for the satisfaction of the pleasure principle b. The Ego – Reality Principle • the only region of the mind in contact with reality • becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality • constantly tries to reconcile the blind, irrational claims of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the external world c. The Super Ego – Moral Principle • is unrealistic in its demands for perfection • 2 subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal - Conscience: results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do - Ego-ideal: develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do A. Drives – constant motivational force • interchangeably used with the German word “Trieb”, instinct, or impulse • characterized by: • an impetus, the amount of force it exerts; • • a source - the region of the body in a state of excitation or tension; an aim, to seek pleasure by removing that excitation or reducing the tension; • an object, the person or thing that serves as the means through which the aim is satisfied 1. Sex (a) aim is pleasure derived from the erogenous zones, bodily parts capable of producing sexual pleasure (b) has many forms including Narcissism, Love, Sadism and Masochism 2. Aggression – aim is to return an organism to an inorganic state, which is the ultimate inorganic condition is “Death” B. Anxiety – an affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns a person against impending danger FORMS OF ANXIETY A. Neurotic anxiety – apprehension about an unknown danger; a result of the ego’s dependence on the id; exists in the ego but originates from id impulses B. Moral anxiety – stems from conflict between the ego and the superego Theories of Personality Page 1 2 of Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic OVERVIEW OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY BIOGRAPHY OF SIGMUND FREUD LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE PROVINCES OF THE MIND DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY THEORIES OF PERSONALITY


1. Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies – people with exaggerated physical deficiencies sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy 2. Pampered Style of Life – pampered people have weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally had with their parents. They expect others to overprotect and satisfy their needs. Oversensitive and indecisive, they see the world in private vision and believe that they are to be first in everything 3. Neglected Style of Life – abused and mistreated children develop little social interest and tend to create a neglected style of life. They are distrustful and unable to cooperate for common welfare 1. Excuses – “yes, but” or “If, only” format 2. Aggression – used to exaggerate superiority complex (a) Depreciation – tendency to undervalue other people’s achievement to overvalues one’s own (b) Accusation – tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to seek revenge (c) Self-Accusation – marked by self-torture and guilt 3. Withdrawal – when people run away from difficulties (a) Moving Backward – people revert to a more secure period of life (b) Standing still – people simply do not move in any direction, thus avoiding by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure. Characterized by lack of action as a means of avoiding failure (c) Hesitating – characterized by vacillation or procrastination designed to provide a person with the excuse “it’s too late now” (d) Constructing obstacles – characterized in which people create a barrier to their own success, thus allowing them to protect their self-esteem • Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men. According to him, cultural and social practices and not anatomy influence many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly 1. Origins of the Masculine Protest – In other society men and women place an inferior value on being a woman. Each of these modes of adjustment results from cultural and social influences, not from inherent psychic difference 2. Adler, Freud and the Masculine Protest – Freud believed that “anatomy is destiny” and regarded women as the “dark continent” for psychology. In contrast to this, Alder assumed that women (because they have same physiologic and psychologic needs as men) want more or less the same thing men want (A) Name of proponent: Alfred Adler (B) Name of theory: Individual Psychology (C) Name of defense mechanism: “Safeguarding Tendencies” (D) Introduction to Adlerian Theory 1. Dynamic force of people’s behavior: striving for success and superiority 2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality 3. Personality is unified and self-consistent 4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest 5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life 6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power (E) Striving for Success or Superiority 1. The Final Goal 2. The Striving Force as Compensation 3. Striving for Personal Superiority 4. Striving for Success (F) Subjective Perceptions 1. Fictionalism 2. Physical Inferiorities (G) Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality 1. Organ Dialect 2. Conscious and Unconscious (H) Social Interest 1. Origins of Social Interest 2. Importance of Social Interest (I) Style of Life (J) Creative Power (K) Abnormal Development (a) General Description (b) External Factors in Maladjustment - Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies - Pampered Style of Life - Neglected Style of Life (c) Safeguarding Tendencies - Excuses - Aggression (Depreciation, Accusation, Self-accusation) - Withdrawal (Moving backward, Standing still, Hesitating, Constructing obstacles) (d) Masculine Protest - Origins of the Masculine Protest - Adler, Freud and the Masculine Protest SUMMARY B. EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT C. SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES D. MASCULINE PROTEST