Tiêu đề 08 DevPsy - Development in Emerging Adulthood.pdf ✅

○ Median age they report knowing for sure is 17 years of age Sexually Transmitted Infections ● The highest rates of STIs in the United States are among emerging adults ages 18 to 25 ● Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis all showed increases in prevalence ● Risk is higher among certain ethnic groups ● Populations most at risk include men who ● have sex with other men, people who share contaminated hypodermic needles, prison populations, sex workers and their clients, and transgender individuals Menstrual Disorders ● Premenstrual Syndrome: disorder that produces physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before menstrual period ○ Is not fully understood, but it appears to be a response to monthly surges of female hormones ○ More typical in women in their 30s or older ● Dysmenorrhea: caused by contractions of the uterus which are set in motion by prostaglandin ● Cramps tend to affect younger women, whereas PMS is more typical in women in their thirties or older Infertility: inability to conceive a baby ● Common causes include failure to produce ova, mucus in the cervix or disease of the uterine lining ● In both men and women, modifiable environmental factors are related to infertility ● Women’s fertility begins to decline in their late twenties, with substantial decreases during their thirties COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT COGNITION New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood ● Reflective Thinking: active, persistent, and careful consideration ○ First defined by John Dewey ○ Reflective thinkers continually question facts, draw inferences, and make connections ○ Critical thinking ○ Reflective thinkers can also create complex intellectual systems that reconcile apparently conflicting ideas ○ At 20-25 years of age, the brain forms new neurons, synapses, and dendritic connections ○ The cortical regions that handle higher-level thinking become fully myelinated ○ A rich and stimulating environment can stimulate the development of thicker, denser, cortical connection ○ These physical changes in the brain allow more complex thinking to occur ○ Although almost all adults develop the capacity for it, not all attain proficiency ● Postformal Thought: mature type of thinking that occurs in emerging adulthood ○ Characteristics of postformal thought ■ Ability to deal with inconsistency, contradiction, and compromise ■ Flexibility: draws on intuition and emotion as well as logic to help people cope with situations such as social dilemmas, which are often less clearly structure ■ Relativistic: acknowledges that there may be more than one valid way of viewing an issue ○ Exposure to higher education is often a catalyst for the development of this ability Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development ● Proposed by Warner Schaie ● Looks at the developing uses of cognition within a social context ● Consists of 7 stages of cognitive development ● Goals shift from acquisition of information and skills to practical integration of knowledge and skills to a search for meaning and purpose AGE STAGE DESCRIPTION Childhood - Adolescence Acquisitive Stage Acquisition of information and skills Mainly for their own sake or as preparation for participation in society Late teens - Early 30s Achieving Stage Utilizing information they know to pursue goals, such as career and family Late 30s - Early 60s Responsible Stage Utilizing their minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others 30s/40s - Middle age Executive Stage People in the executive stage are responsible for societal systems or social movements They deal with complex relationships on multiple levels Middle age - Late Adulthood Reorganizational Stage Retirement stage They reorganize their lives and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits that 3 | @studywithky
take the place of paid work Late Adulthood Reintegrative Stage Marked by more biological and cognitive changes People at this stage tend to be more selective about what tasks they expend effort on They focus on the purpose of what they do and concentrate on tasks that have the most meaning for them Advanced Old Age Legacy-Creating Stage Preparation for death Creation of legacies Sternberg: Insight and Know-How ● Componential Knowledge: analytical abilities ● Experiential Intelligence: original thinking, experience-based ● Contextual Intelligence: knowing your way around ● Tacit Knowledge: inside information, know-how, “hacks”, not formally taught or openly expressed; commonsense knowledge of how to get ahead ○ Includes self-management, management of tasks, and management of others ○ It is unrelated to IQ and predicts job performance better than do psychometric tests Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage, or regulate, emotions to achieve goals ● Coined by Peter Salovey and John Mayer ● Mayer-Salovey-CarusoEmotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): used to measure emotional intelligence ○ 40-minute battery of questions ○ Generates a score for each of the four abilities, as well as a total score ● EI affects the quality of personal relationships ○ Studies have found that college students who score high on the MSCEIT are more likely to report positive relationships with parents and friends ○ College-age men who score high on the MSCEIT engage in less drug and alcohol use and score higher on well-being measures ● EI also affects effectiveness at work MORAL REASONING Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development ● Postconventional Morality ○ People become capable of fully principled moral reasoning ○ They make moral decisions on the basis of universal principles of justice ○ Kohlberg argued that most people did not reach this level until their twenties ○ He believed that the acquisition of this style of thinking was primarily a function of experience ■ When they encounter values that conflict with their own ■ When they are responsible for the welfare of others ● Cosmic Stage ○ Sense of unity with the cosmos, nature or God ○ This enabled them to see moral issues from the standpoint of the universe as a whole ○ Adults at this stage might instead reflect on the question, “Why be moral?” Culture and Moral Reasoning ● Culture affects the understanding of morality ● Western cultures tend to focus on individual autonomy ● Asian / Eastern cultures are more concerned with group dynamics and harmony ● Kohlberg believed that certain cultures were more likely to provide opportunities for people to attain the highest levels of moral reasoning ● This underlying belief in the superiority of a particular worldview has been criticized as being too narrow, and as being biased toward Western cultural norms Gender and Moral Reasoning ● Gilligan was bothered by what she perceived as a male bias in Kohlberg’s approach ● She believed that women’s central dilemma was the conflict between their needs and the needs of others ● She also argued that women’s moral reasoning was not less complex than men’s ● Women in her research saw morality in terms of selfishness versus responsibility ● Other research has also shown that women reason at a higher level than men EDUCATION AND WORK The College Transition ● College is an increasingly important path to adulthood ● Gap Year: taking a year off from formal education or the workplace ● Distance Learning: courses are delivered via mail, internet, or other technological means ● Family support seems to be a key factor in college adjustment ● As students gain more experience and think more deeply, they begin to realize that much 4 | @studywithky