Tiêu đề Ashutosh Rana Ca 1 Cognosy assignment.pdf ✅

• Folk medicine: Seeds chewed for breath freshening, digestion, and colic in infants. The consistency between traditional applications and modern pharmacological findings underscores fennel’s ethnopharmacological relevance. ➢ Current Trends and Recent Studies: Recent research has focused on mechanistic studies, clinical validation, and novel applications of fennel extracts and phytochemicals. • Hepatoprotection: Fennel seed extracts reduce oxidative stress and serum enzyme levels in hepatotoxic models. • Reproductive health: Phytoestrogenic compounds show promise in managing menopausal symptoms and enhancing lactation. • Metabolic disorders: Evidence supports hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects. • Antimicrobial resistance: Essential oil shows activity against multidrug- resistant strains. • Nanotechnology: Incorporation of fennel extracts in nano formulations enhances bioavailability and efficacy. ➢ Identified Research Gaps: Despite promising evidence, several limitations remain: 1. Limited clinical trials validating therapeutic efficacy in humans. 2. Need for standardized extraction methods to ensure consistent phytochemical composition. 3. Safety concerns regarding estragole toxicity require detailed toxicological assessments. 4. Molecular mechanisms underlying pharmacological effects remain underexplored. 5. Synergistic effects with conventional drugs need systematic evaluation. ➢ Figures: ➢ Figure 1: Chemical structures of major fennel phytochemicals (anethole, fenchone, estragole).