Tiêu đề NCM 113 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS WEEK 4: Health Statistics and Epidemiology https://youtu.be/oPkwtvx5kng - not transcribed FUNCTIONS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY NURSE 1. Implement public health surveillance 2. Monitor local health personnel conducting disease surveillance 3. Conduct and/or assist other health personnel in outbreak investigation 4. Assist in the conduct of rapid surveys and surveillance during disasters 5. Assist in the conduct of surveys, program evaluations, and other epidemiologic studies 6. Assist in the conduct of training course in epidemiology 7. Assist the epidemiologist in preparing the annual report and financial plan 8. Responsible for inventory & maintenance of epidemiology and surveillance unit (ESU) equipment SPECIFIC ROLE OF NURSE DURING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 1. Maintains surveillance of occurrence of notifiable disease 2. Coordinates with other members of the health team during the disease outbreaks 3. Participates in case findings and collection of laboratory specimens 4. Isolates cases of communicable disease 5. Renders nursing care, teaches and supervises giving of care 6. Performs and teach household members method, concurrent and terminal disinfection 7. Gives health teaching to prevent further spreads of disease to individual and families 8. Follow up cases and contacts 9. Organizes, coordinates and conducts community health education campaign/meetings 10. Refers cases when necessary 11. Coordinates with other concerned community agencies 12. Accomplishes and keeps records and reports and submits to proper office/agency. Steps in Outbreak Investigation - Can be adjusted depending on the outbreak, modified to fit the need during actual study. 1. establishing the existence of an outbreak 2. verifying the diagnosis 3. defining and identifying cases 4. using descriptive epidemiology 5. developing hypotheses 6. evaluating the hypotheses 7. implementing control and prevention measures 8. Disseminating/communicating findings FHSIS Manual of Operations (DOH-IMS, 2011) lists and describes the following recording tools ● Individual Treatment Record (ITR) -building block of FHSIS. ● Target Client Lists (TCLs)-second building block of the FHSİS Community Health Nursing ● involve a holistic approach to patient care, intervention are aimed at individuals, families and group within a community Health Tools ● utilized in measuring & analyzing community health problems Demography ● Science of population helps nurse find reasons or rationale why or how a particular population or group is influenced by a variety of factors resulting in vulnerability to diseases ● Science which deals with the study of the human population's size, composition and distribution in space. Sources of Demographic Data 1. Census - official and periodic enumeration of population a. Demographic, economic and social data collected from a specific population group b. Data are collated & synthesized for purpose of determining & exploring trends in terms of population changes & planning programs & services c. Two ways of assigning people when census is being taken i. de jure - people assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of consensus ii. de facto - people assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of consensus regardless of their usual residence 2. Sample surveys: demographic information collected from a sample population a. Obtained data come from small number of people proportionate to the total population b. Results always generalized for the whole population 3. Registration systems - deal with recording vital events in the community (births, deaths, marriages) a. Collected by civil registrar's office deal with recording of vital events in the community b. Vital events: births, deaths, marriages & divorces *Table Survey - lazy type* Population Size ● Number of people in a given place or area of a given time. ● allows nurse to make comparisons about population changes over time ● Helps nurse rationalize the types of health programs or interventions to be provided for the cdiommunity ● Natural Increase = number of births - number of deaths in specified year ● Rate of Natural Increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate in specified year ● Absolute Increase per Year: Measures the number of people that are added to the population per year. ○ Absolute increase per year = (Pt –Po)/t ● Relative Increase: actual difference between two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier census ○ Relative increase = (Pt-Po)/Po Pt - pop size at later time Po - pop size at earlier time T- number of year between O and P I1

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS ● DISTRIBUTION - analysis by time, places and classes of people affected ● DETERMINANTS - all biological, chemical physical, social, cultural economic genetic, and behavioral factors that influence health Crude Birth Rate CBR. ● Measures how fast people are added to the population through births ● Measure of population growth ● >45/1000 live births - high density ● <20/1000 - infertility ● CBR = (number of registered live births in a year / Midyear population) x1000 Crude Death Rate (CDR) ● rates which mortality occurs in a given population ● Factors: age composition of the population, adverse environmental and occupational conditions ● CDR = (Number of deaths in a calendar year/Midyear population) × 1000 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) ● good index of heath in a community because infants are very sensitive to adverse environmental conditions ● high = low levels of health standards (secondary to poor maternal health and child health care, malnutrition) ● IMR = (deaths <1 year of age in a calendar year/Number of live births in the same year) x 1000 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) ● Death of a female from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management during pregnancy and childbirth within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, impective of the duration the site of the pregnancy ● MMR = (Number of death due to pregnancy, delivery, puerperium in a calendar year/number of live births in the same year) x 1000 ● MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW (MDR) ● PREGNANCY TRACKING 1. LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY 2010: a. MORBIDITY: condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition; rate of disease in a population. 1. Acute Respiratory Infection 2. Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia 3. Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis 4. Hypertension 5. Acute Watery Diarrhea 6. Influenza 7. Urinary Tract Infection 8. TB Respiratory 9. Injuries 10. Disease of the Heart 2. LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY a. MORTALITY: The state of being subject to death. b. DEATHS TALLIED C.Y.2020 (575,875 cases) i. COVID-19 (27,967) ii. Ischaemic heart diseases (99,680) iii. Neoplasms/cancer (62,289) iv. Cerebrovascular diseases (59,736) v. Diabetes (37,265) vi. Pneumonia (32,574) vii. Hypertensive diseases (29,511) viii. Other heart diseases ix. Chronic lower respiratory diseases x. Remainder of diseases of genitourinary system xi. Respiratory tuberculosis Life Expectancy: statistical measure estimhates the average number of years a person or population can expect to live based on current mortality rates and other demographic factors ● IN PH: Males: 70.3, Females: 74.3, Both: 72.3 WEEK 5: Epidemiology & The Nurse ● A Discussion: Natural History of Disease: https://youtu.be/iozoQZAXqmk - not transcribed ● A Discussion: Epidemiological Triad: https://youtu.be/kB02z_O__f4 - not transcribed ● A Discussion: Epidemiological Investigation: https://youtu.be/IUUCNgxYADk - not transcribed ● Short Video: Outbreak Investigation: https://youtu.be/RFUEt6DpIUM - not transcribed ● World Health Organization's Innovation for a Faster Outbreak Investigation: https://youtu.be/OPtC8parAas - not transcribed LEC WEEK 8 EPIDEMIOLOGY & HEALTH STATISTICS (LEVEL 2 104 NOTES) To know cause of disease help plan/develop strategies to prevent/control spread especially for high-risk groups ● COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING - involve holistic approach to patient care, interventions aimed at individuals, families and groups within a community. ● HEALTH TOOLS - being utilized in measuring and analyzing community health problems. AGE COMPOSITION ● Median age = ave. age of total population ÷ 2. Ex: Median is 19, therefore half is <19 and half >19 ● Dependency ratio = (total pop of 0-14 & >65 age group / total pop of 15-64 age group) x 100 ○ compare economically dependent (0-14 & >65) with economically productive group of pop (15 -64) HEALTH STATISTICS - Tool estimating extent/magnitude of health needs & problems in community. ● Community- group of people w/ common characteristics/ interests living together w/in territory/geographical boundary. ● help describe health status of people served as basis for developing, implementing, evaluating programs and intervention strategies EPIDEMIOLOGY - study of occurrence & distribution of health conditions (disease, death, deformities/disabilities on human I3