Tiêu đề INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY. MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MICROBIAL WORLD AND RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM..pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY:  Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microorganisms.  Microorganisms are the small living things that include unicellular, multicellular or acellular.  Unicellular are single cells organisms like cocci, bacilli, virio and spirillae (Fig. 1.1).  Multicellular are filaments and sheaths to form cell colonies like blue green algae (cyanobacteria), fungi, protozoans and bacteria (Fig. 1.2) whereas acellular are organism without cells, like viruses, prions (Fig. 1.3).  These microorganisms are not visible by naked eyes, only observed under microscope. Like other organisms, microorganisms survive, grow and are also require a source of energy and nourishment to survive and to growth.  Many microorganisms are beneficial to human and some are pathogenic in nature. INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY, MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MICROBIAL WORLD AND RELATIONSHIP AMONG THEM
PHARMD GURU Page 2 BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY: BY TAXONOMY:  Bacteriology: It is the study of bacteria.  Immunology: It is the study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.  Mycology: It is the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.  Nematology: It is the study of nematodes (roundworms).  Parasitology: It is the study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms, but many are Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.  Phycology: It is the study of algae.  Protozoology: It is the study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.  Virology: It is the study of viruses. BY TYPE OF RESEARCH:  Astromicrobiology: It is the study of the origin of life on Earth, and the search for extraterrestrial life.  Evolutionary microbiology: It is the evolution of microorganisms.  Microbial cytology: It is the study of microscopic and submicroscopic details of microorganisms.  Microbial physiology: It is the study of biochemical functioning of the microbial cells with respect to the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure.  Microbial ecology: It is the relationship between microorganisms and their environment.
PHARMD GURU Page 3  Microbial genetics: It is the study of how genes are organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions which is closely related to the field of molecular biology.  Cellular microbiology: It is a discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology.  Evolutionary microbiology: It is the study of the evolution of microbes. This field can be subdivided into:  Microbial taxonomy: It is the study of naming and classification of microorganisms.  Microbial systematics: It is the study of the diversity and genetic relationship of microorganisms.  Generation microbiology: It is the study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their parents.  Molecular microbiology: It is the study of the molecular principles of the physiological processes in microorganisms.  Nano microbiology: It is the study of those microorganisms on Nano level.  Biological agent: It is the study of those microorganisms which are being used in weapon industries. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY:  Medical microbiology: It is the study of the pathogenic microbes that are responsible for human illness. It includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology.  Pharmaceutical microbiology: It is the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.  Industrial microbiology: It is the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes like industrial fermentation and waste water treatment which is linked to the biotechnology industry.  Microbial biotechnology: It is the study of genetic and molecular level manipulation of microorganisms to generate useful products.  Food microbiology and Dairy microbiology: It is the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food borne illness.  Agricultural microbiology: It is the study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: Plant