Tiêu đề NCM 112 RLE FINALS (NEW) ✅

NCM 112 RLE FINALS (NEW) by TONS and MADS Post Operative Medication (Antibiotics & Pain reliever) ● Prophylaxis: Preventive treatment to avoid the occurrence of a disease or complication. ● Pseudomembranous Colitis: Inflammation of the colon associated with antibiotic use, often caused by Clostridium difficile infection. ● Hepatotoxicity: Liver damage or toxicity. ● NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Antibiotics: ❖ Cephalexin (Keflex): ➢ Prophylaxis against infection after surgery. ➢ Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. ➢ Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, allergic reactions. ➢ Nursing Considerations: Monitor for signs of allergic reactions; assess renal function. ❖ Clindamycin: ➢ Surgical prophylaxis, particularly in penicillin-allergic patients. ➢ Action: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. ➢ Side Effects: Diarrhea (may be severe), rash. ➢ Nursing Considerations: Monitor for pseudomembranous colitis; assess liver function. Pain Relievers: ❖ Acetaminophen (Tylenol): ➢ Mild to moderate pain and fever. ➢ Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS. ➢ Side Effects: Rare at therapeutic doses; hepatotoxicity in high doses. ➢ Nursing Considerations: Assess liver function; caution in patients with hepatic impairment. ❖ Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin): ➢ Mild to moderate pain, inflammation. ➢ Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) - inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. ➢ GI upset, bleeding risk, renal impairment. ➢ Monitor for GI bleeding; assess renal function. ❖ Morphine: ➢ Indications: Severe pain relief. ➢ Binds to opioid receptors in the CNS, altering the perception of pain. ➢ Side Effects: Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation. ➢ Monitor respiratory rate, administer with caution in patients with respiratory compromise. ❖ Hydromorphone (Dilaudid): ➢ Severe pain relief, often used when morphine is not well-tolerated. ➢ Opioid agonist. ➢ Side Effects: Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation. ➢ Start with a lower dose in opioid-naive patients; monitor for opioid-related adverse effects. Antiemetic: ❖ Ondansetron (Zofran): ➢ Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). ➢ Serotonin receptor antagonist. ➢ Headache, constipation, prolonged QT interval. ➢ Monitor for signs of serotonin syndrome, especially when used with other serotonergic drugs. Nursing Considerations 1. Allergies: Obtain a thorough patient history to identify allergies. Monitor for allergic reactions during administration. 2. Renal Function: Assess renal function regularly, especially with antibiotics like clindamycin. 3. Liver Function: Monitor liver function for medications metabolized in the liver (e.g., acetaminophen). 4. Fluid Intake: Encourage adequate fluid intake to prevent complications, especially with antibiotics. 5. Education: Educate the patient about the importance of completing the antibiotic course. Advise on the proper use of pain relievers and potential side effects. Diagnostics & Laboratory Diagnostic Tests: NCLEX-RN Common Diagnostic Procedures from NCM 109 -used w/ children vary depending on child’s condition & age but are similar to those used w/ adults. Blood, urine, stool studies are commonly prescribed. 1. Electrical Impulse Studies ECG and EEG a.include electrical conduction. Children need special preparation because they have been warned not to play w/ electric wires & may worry about being burned or electrocuted. b.assure child electricity passes from their body to machine, not the other way around. Except for electromyelograms (study of conduction paths of the spinal cord), assure these tests are painless; electrodes are attached to body by paste or sticky tape, easily removed afterward, give the child portion of test strip afterward to keep as a souvenir. Electrocardiogram (ECG) ● test that checks for problems w/ electrical activity of heart. ● Checks rate and regularity of heartbeat. ● Special Preparation of Care for Children ○ Reassure electricity passes from their body to machine. ○ Painless; Attached to the body by paste; Give a test strip as a souvenir. Electroencephalogram (EEG) ● Measures and records electrical activity of the brain. ● Special sensors (electrodes) are attached to head and hooked by wires to a computer. ● computer records the brain's electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines; Identify seizures, coma and dementia 2. Xray Studies - used to inspect internal aspects of body, such as bony structures. a. Special Care for Children i. Often accept x-rays well. ii. Parents are not allowed to stay in the room. iii. If necessary, use a lead apron and lead glove. Flat-Plate X-Rays -to diagnose & evaluate progress of illnesses, assess placement of apparatuses such as GI feeding tubes. -lead apron and thyroid shield are used on portions of the body where X-ray exposure is not needed. 2