Tiêu đề NCM 113 MIDTERMS ✅

NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS WEEK 4: Health Statistics and Epidemiology https://youtu.be/oPkwtvx5kng - not transcribed FUNCTIONS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY NURSE 1. Implement public health surveillance 2. Monitor local health personnel conducting disease surveillance 3. Conduct and/or assist other health personnel in outbreak investigation 4. Assist in the conduct of rapid surveys and surveillance during disasters 5. Assist in the conduct of surveys, program evaluations, and other epidemiologic studies 6. Assist in the conduct of training course in epidemiology 7. Assist the epidemiologist in preparing the annual report and financial plan 8. Responsible for inventory & maintenance of epidemiology and surveillance unit (ESU) equipment SPECIFIC ROLE OF NURSE DURING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 1. Maintains surveillance of occurrence of notifiable disease 2. Coordinates with other members of the health team during the disease outbreaks 3. Participates in case findings and collection of laboratory specimens 4. Isolates cases of communicable disease 5. Renders nursing care, teaches and supervises giving of care 6. Performs and teach household members method, concurrent and terminal disinfection 7. Gives health teaching to prevent further spreads of disease to individual and families 8. Follow up cases and contacts 9. Organizes, coordinates and conducts community health education campaign/meetings 10. Refers cases when necessary 11. Coordinates with other concerned community agencies 12. Accomplishes and keeps records and reports and submits to proper office/agency. Steps in Outbreak Investigation - Can be adjusted depending on the outbreak, modified to fit the need during actual study. 1. establishing the existence of an outbreak 2. verifying the diagnosis 3. defining and identifying cases 4. using descriptive epidemiology 5. developing hypotheses 6. evaluating the hypotheses 7. implementing control and prevention measures 8. Disseminating/communicating findings FHSIS Manual of Operations (DOH-IMS, 2011) lists and describes the following recording tools ● Individual Treatment Record (ITR) -building block of FHSIS. ● Target Client Lists (TCLs)-second building block of the FHSİS Community Health Nursing ● involve a holistic approach to patient care, intervention are aimed at individuals, families and group within a community Health Tools ● utilized in measuring & analyzing community health problems Demography ● Science of population helps nurse find reasons or rationale why or how a particular population or group is influenced by a variety of factors resulting in vulnerability to diseases ● Science which deals with the study of the human population's size, composition and distribution in space. Sources of Demographic Data 1. Census - official and periodic enumeration of population a. Demographic, economic and social data collected from a specific population group b. Data are collated & synthesized for purpose of determining & exploring trends in terms of population changes & planning programs & services c. Two ways of assigning people when census is being taken i. de jure - people assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of consensus ii. de facto - people assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of consensus regardless of their usual residence 2. Sample surveys: demographic information collected from a sample population a. Obtained data come from small number of people proportionate to the total population b. Results always generalized for the whole population 3. Registration systems - deal with recording vital events in the community (births, deaths, marriages) a. Collected by civil registrar's office deal with recording of vital events in the community b. Vital events: births, deaths, marriages & divorces *Table Survey - lazy type* Population Size ● Number of people in a given place or area of a given time. ● allows nurse to make comparisons about population changes over time ● Helps nurse rationalize the types of health programs or interventions to be provided for the cdiommunity ● Natural Increase = number of births - number of deaths in specified year ● Rate of Natural Increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate in specified year ● Absolute Increase per Year: Measures the number of people that are added to the population per year. ○ Absolute increase per year = (Pt –Po)/t ● Relative Increase: actual difference between two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier census ○ Relative increase = (Pt-Po)/Po Pt - pop size at later time Po - pop size at earlier time T- number of year between O and P I1
NCM 113 BY TONS and MADS Population composition ● population is characterized in relation to certain variables such as age, sex occupation or educational level ● nurse utilizes data on age & sex composition to decide who among the population groups merits attention in terms of health services and programs ● Sex composition ○ compute for the sex ratio ○ sex ratio compares the number of males to the number of females in the population ○ sex ratio represents the number of males for every 100 females in the population ○ Sex ratio = (number of males/number of females)x100 ● Age Composition ○ Median age divides the population into two equal parts ○ Median age = average age of the total population ○ Dependency ratio = (total population of 0-14 and >65 age group / total population of 15 - 64 age group) x100 ○ If median age is 18: half of population belongs to >10 years, other half belongs to ages below 19 years old ● Age and Sex composition ○ Steps in constructing the pyramid: ■ Compute percentage of population in each age-sex group using total population as de nominator ■ Each age group is represented by a horizontal bar. The first bar represents the youngest age group and drawn at the base of the pyramid ■ The bars for males are presented on the left side of central vertical axis; bars for females on the right ■ Length of each bar corresponds to percent of the population falling in the specific age and sex group ● Dependency Ratio ○ Compares the number of economically dependant with the stay productive groups in the population ○ Economically dependent: 0-14 and >65 age groups ○ Economically productive: 15 to 64 age group ○ Dependency ratio represents number of economically dependent for every 100 economically productive Population Distribution ● Distribution of population in space described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density, crowding index ● Help nurse decide how meager resources can be justifiably allocated based on concentration of population ○ Urban-rural distribution: proportion of the people living in urban compared to the rural areas ○ Crowding index: dividing the number of persons in a household with number of rooms used by the family for sleeping. ■ B High crowding index gres implication to the ease by which communicable disease transmitted from one host to another susceptible host in household ○ Population density: determines how congested a place is and provides implications in terms of the adequacy of basic health services present in the community. ■ Dividing number of people living in a given land area Health Indicators ● Quantitative measures usually expressed as ratios or proportions that describe & summaries various aspects of the health status of the population ● used to determine factors that my corvette to a causation & control of diseases ● indicates priorities for resource monitors implementation of health programme, evaluates outcomes of health programs HEALTH STATISTICS ● A tool in estimating-the extent or magnitude of health needs problems in the community. ● Community - group of people w/ common characteristics or interest living together within a territory or geographical boundary Health Statistical Indicators - to simplify analysis of health status of each individual's in certain population group 1. Fertility Rates a.Crude Birth Rate = (number of live births/midyear population) x 1000 b.General Fertility Rate =(number of live births/Midyear population women (15-44 years of age) ) x 1000 2. Morbidity Rates a.Incidence Rate = (# new cases of disease developing from a period of time / population at risk of developing the disease) X 1000 b.Prevalence Rate = (# old & new cases of a disease / population examined) X 1000 3. Mortality Rates a.Crude Death Rate = (number of deaths / midyear population) x 1000 b.Infant Mortality Rate = (deaths under 1 year of age / number of live births) x 1000 c.Maternal Mortality Rate = (number of deaths due to pregnancy / number of live births) x 1000 d.Specific Mortality Rate = (number of deaths in specified group / midyear population of same specified group) x 1000 EPIDEMIOLOGY ● occurrence health and conditions such or as disease, death, disabilities deformities on human populations ● concerned with the study of probable factors that influence the development of these health conditions ● study of DISTRIBUTION & DETERMINANTS of health related states or events in specified populations, and application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems I2