Tiêu đề z biochem.pdf ✅

www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 1 Biochemistry 4 th Edition 2023-24
www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 2 Carbohydrates:  Compounds with empirical formula, (CH2O)n, were called as carbohydrates (hydrates of carbons).  The dry substance of plants is composed of 50-80% of carbohydrates.  The structural material in plants is mainly cellulose and related hemicelluloses.  Starch is the important form of storage polysaccharide in plants.  Many non-carbohydrate organic molecules are found conjugated with sugars in the form of glycosides.  The carbohydrates in animals are mostly found in combination with proteins as glycoproteins, as well as other compounds.  Ratio of yield of photochemical products to the total number of quanta absorbed is known as Quantum yield. Starch:  Starch is a polysaccharide (C6H10O5)n consisting of a large number of glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic bonds.  It occurs especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers. It belongs to a group of carbohydrates, which are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are one of the major classes of biomolecules. Classification of Carbohydrates: 3 Major types 1. Monosaccharides 2. Oligosaccharides 3. Polysaccharides 1. Monosaccharides (One sugar molecule):  Crystalline, soluble in water, and sweet in taste.  E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose  Fructose is the sweetest among all the sugar.  All monosaccharides are reducing in nature. 2. Oligosaccharides (two to ten sugar molecules):  Powdery or crystalline, soluble in water and sweet in taste  E.g. Raffinose, Stachyose  Some of them are reducing and some of them are non-reducing in nature.
www.iaritoppers.in Whatsapp : +91-9694095242 Page | 3 1) Disaccharides (two sugar molecule):  E.g. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose A. Sucrose:  Glucose + Fructose: Sucrose  Sucrose is non - reducing sugar. B. Lactose:  Glucose + Galactose: Lactose  Lactose is a milk sugar. C. Maltose:  Glucose + Glucose: Maltose  Maltose sugar found in germinating seed. 2) Tri-saccharides:  These sugars are formed by three monosaccharide chains e.g. raffinose (glucose + fructose + galactose), melezitose 3) Tetra saccharides:  These sugars are formed by four molecules of monosaccharides e.g. stachyose (1 molecule glucose + 1 fructose + 2 galactose) 3. Polysaccharides (ten or more sugar molecules):  Insoluble in water, tasteless, linear or branched  E.g. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose  Glycogen is present only in animal cells.  These served as structural components of the cells, also serve as nutrients and stored form of energy.  Non reducing in nature and give deep blue (amylose) or red colour (amylopectin) with iodine.  Sugar in the human body is present either in the form of glycogen or glucose.  Glucose is the sugar present within the blood which is utilized by the body to obtain energy. Whereas, glycogen is the stored form of sugar present in the liver and muscles.