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CH-12: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS NEET BOTANY VOL- II 176 NARAYANA GROUP 12 Biotechnology and its Applications  Introduction  Applications  Transgenic Plants  Transgenic Animals  Transgenic Microorganisms  RNA Interference  Applications in Medicine  Gene Therapy  Bioethics  Biopatents  Biopiracy  Biowar & Bioweapons  Exercises Applications of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues- Biopiracy and patents C O N T E N T S NEET SYLLABUS
NARAYANA GROUP 177 NEET BOTANY VOL-II CH-12: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION * Biotechnology essentially deals with large scale production of valuable products (primary and secondary metabolites, proteins, enzymes, coenzymes, hormones, second messengers, vitamins, antibiotics, drugs and pharmaceuticals) useful for the society. * Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals whose genes are manipulated (altered) for producing valuable products and services are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). * The applications of Biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, food processing, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production. Three critical research areas of biotechnology are: i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of GMO or pure enzyme ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act. iii) Down streaming processes to purify the proteins/organic compound. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE Food production can be increased by using the following three options: i) Agrochemical based agriculture. ii) Organic agriculture. iii) Genetically engineered crop based agriculture. 1. Agrochemical based agriculture : * The Green Revolution is a period of agricultural transformation that took between 1940 and 1960. During this period, several other countries including India experienced triple increase in the crop production. The term green revolution was given by William Gaud (1968), Director of united states agency for international development (USAID) at that time. * Norman E. Borlaug initiated and was successful in producing high yielding, disease resis- tant and semi-dwarf wheat and maize varieties in Mexico. For his contributions to green revolution, he was awarded with a Nobel peace prize in 1970 and regarded as “Father of Green Revolution”. * Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is known as “Father of Green Revolution in India” for his contributions to green revolution in India.  PITIC-62, PENJAMO-62, LERMA ROJO-64, SIETE CERROS, SONORA-64 and SUPER-X were the semi-dwarf varieties of wheat, produced by Norman Ernest Borlaug during the Period of Green Revolution in Mexico. * Increased crop yield during green revolution period is partly due to the use of improved crop varities, but mainly due to the use of better management practices and use of agrochemicals (Fertilizers and Pesticides). * Now a days, green revolution is not in practice in India and other countries because the agrochemicals have become too expensive to buy by the farmers and they showed negative
CH-12: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS NEET BOTANY VOL- II 178 NARAYANA GROUP impacts on non-target organisams and environment. * Further increase in crop yield with these exsiting varities is not possible using conventional breeding methods. 2. Organic agriculture (Farming) : * Organic farming depends on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control. * Organically grown food is superior in mineral and vitamin content to the conventional crop food. * Organic food is free from the toxic chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. * Organically grown food tastes better than that of conventionally grown food. * Organically grown foods will have a longer shelf time than those of conventional crops. 3. Genetic engineering crop based agriculture : * It is not possible to transfer foreign genes between two unrelated organisms and also be- tween prokaryotes and eukaryotes by traditional or conventional breeding methods. * Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). * The gene which is transfered to another organism artificially by genetic engineering is called Transgene. Plants with transgenes are called Transgenic Plants (TP) or Genetically Modified Crops(GMC). Benefits of genetic modification: * Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat etc.). * Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops). * Helped to reduce post harvest losses. * Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants which prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil. * Enhanced nutritional value of food. Eg: Golden rice. (Vitamin A enriched rice) * Improved shelf-life. Eg: Flavr-Savr Tomatoes. * Improved resistant to pesticide, herbicide and other chemical compounds.  Improved crop yield.  Produced the crops which can be used for vaccine production.  Pharmaceutical compounds can be produced. * GM has been used to create tailor-made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals. * Some of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture that you will study in detail are the production of pest resistant plants, which could decrease the amount of pesticide used. * Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt for short). * Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria and been expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for insecticides; in effect created a bio-pesticide.
NARAYANA GROUP 179 NEET BOTANY VOL-II CH-12: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS EVALUATE YOURSELF - 1 1. Important objective of biotechnology in agriculture section is: (1) To reproduce pest resistant varieties of plant (2) To increase the nitrogen content (3) To decrease the seed number (4) To increase the plant weight 2. The science of biotechnology has contrib- uted to the field of (1) Health (2) Pharmacy (3) Agriculture and industry (4) All above 3. In which of the following industrial areas biotechnology is applicable? (1) Health care (2) Environment (3) Agriculture (4) All of the above 4. Maximum and successful utilization techniques of biotechnology has been made in the field of: (1) Agriculture (2) Medicines (3) Industries (4) Biogas production 5. The main technique involved in agricul- tural biotechnology is called: (1) Tissue culture (2) Transformation (3) Plant breeding (4) DNA replication 6. Genetically modified organisms are used for (1) Reducing reliance on chemical pesticides (2) Developing pest-resistant crops (3) Increasing efficiency of mineral usage by plant that prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soli (4) All of the above 7. The applications of biotechnology includes (1) Industrial scale production of biophramaceuticals and biological using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals. (2) Therapeutics,diagnostics and bioremediation. (3) Genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, waste treatment and energy production. (4) All of the above 8. Biotechnology does not deal with (1) industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals (2) genetically modified microbes and crops for agriculture (3) processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment (4) energy conservation 9. The critical research areas of biotechnology are (1) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound (2) Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme (3) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act (4) All of the above 10. The broad areas of food production are 1) Agro-chemical based agriculture 2) Organic agriculture 3) Genetically engineered crop based agriculture 4) All of the above 11. Father of Green Revolution (1) N. E Borlaug (2) M.S. Swaminathan (3) V. Kurein (4) William Gaud 12. Father of Indian Green Revolution (1) N. E Borlaug (2) M.S. Swaminathan (3) V. Kurein (4) William Gaud 13. The substantial and dramatic increase in agricultural production experienced by several countries including India during 1960’s was termed as green revolution by (1) N. E Borlaug (2) M.S. Swaminathan (3) V. Kurein (4) William Gaud