Tiêu đề (Krause’s Food & Nutrition Therapy) L. Kathleen Mahan, Janice L Raymond - Krause’s Food & the Nutrition Care Process-Saunders (2016).pdf ✅

Life Stage Group Vitamin A (mcg/d)a Vitamin C (mg/d) Vitamin D (IU/d)b,c Vitamin E (mg/d)d Vitamin K (mcg/d) Thiamin (mg/d) Riboflavin (mg/d) Niacin (mg/d)e Vitamin B6 (mg/d) Folate (mcg/d)f Vitamin B12 (mcg/d) Pantothenic Acid (mg/d) Biotin (mcg/d) Choline (mg/d)g Infants Birth to 6 mo 400* 40* 400 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 6 to 12 mo 500* 50* 400 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* Children 1-3 yr 300 15 600 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200* 4-8 yr 400 25 600 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250* Males 9-13 yr 600 45 600 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14-18 yr 900 75 600 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550* 19-30 yr 900 90 600 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 31-50 yr 900 90 600 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 51-70 yr 900 90 600 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* .70 yr 900 90 800 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* Females 9-13 yr 600 45 600 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14-18 yr 700 65 600 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400* 19-30 yr 700 75 600 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 31-50 yr 700 75 600 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 51-70 yr 700 75 600 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* .70 yr 700 75 600 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* Pregnancy 14-18 yr 750 80 600 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 19-30 yr 770 85 600 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 31-50 yr 770 85 600 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* Lactation 14-18 yr 1200 115 600 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 19-30 yr 1300 120 600 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 31-50 yr 1300 120 600 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins* Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Sources: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. *Note: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in boldface type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in lightface type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence of the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. aAs retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE 5 1 mcg of retinol, 12 mcg of b-carotene, 24 mcg of a-carotene, or 24 mcg of b-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (REs), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as the RE for vitamin A. bAs cholecalciferol. 1 mcg of cholecalciferol 5 40 IU of vitamin D. cUnder the assumption of minimal sunlight. dAs a-tocopherol. a-Tocopherol includes RRR-a-tocopherol, the only form of a-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-a-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. eAs niacin equivalents (NEs). 1 mg of niacin 5 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months 5 preformed niacin (not NE). fAs dietary folate equivalents (DFEs). 1 DFE 5 1 mcg of food folate 5 0.6 mcg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food 5 0.5 mcg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. gAlthough AIs have been established for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthe- sis at some of these stages. hBecause 10% to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. iIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 mcg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. jIt is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 mcg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
Life Stage Group Calcium (mg/d) Chromium (mcg/d) Copper (mcg/d) Fluoride (mg/d) Iodine (mcg/d) Iron (mg/d) Magnesium (mg/d) Manganese (mg/d) Molybdenum (mcg/d) Phosphorus (mg/d) Selenium (mcg/d) Zinc (mg/d) Potassium (g/d) Sodium (g/d) Chloride (g/d) Infants Birth to 6 mo 200* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 0.003* 2* 100* 15* 2* 0.4* 0.12* 0.18* 6 to 12 mo 260* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 11 75* 0.6* 3* 275* 20* 3 0.7* 0.37* 0.57* Children 1-3 yr 700 11* 340 0.7* 90 7 80 1.2* 17 460 20 3 3.0* 1.0* 1.5* 4-8 yr 1000 15* 440 1* 90 10 130 1.5* 22 500 30 5 3.8* 1.2* 1.9* Males 9-13 yr 1300 25* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.9* 34 1250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 14-18 yr 1300 35* 890 3* 150 11 410 2.2* 43 1250 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 yr 1000 35* 900 4* 150 8 400 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 yr 1000 35* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 51-70 yr 1000 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* .70 yr 1200 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* Females 9-13 yr 1300 21* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.6* 34 1250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 14-18 yr 1300 24* 890 3* 150 15 360 1.6* 43 1250 55 9 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 yr 1000 25* 900 3* 150 18 310 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 yr 1000 25* 900 3* 150 18 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 51-70 yr 1200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* .70 yr 1200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* Pregnancy 14-18 yr 1300 29* 1000 3* 220 27 400 2.0* 50 1250 60 12 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 yr 1000 30* 1000 3* 220 27 350 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 yr 1000 30* 1000 3* 220 27 360 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* Lactation 14-18 yr 1300 44* 1300 3* 290 10 360 2.6* 50 1250 70 13 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 yr 1000 45* 1300 3* 290 9 310 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 yr 1000 45* 1300 3* 290 9 320 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Sources: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Age Estimated Energy Requirement Protein (g) Infants 0 to 3 months (89 3Weight [kg] 2 100) 1 175 kcal 9.1 4 to 6 months (89 3 Weight [kg] 2 100) 1 56 kcal 9.1 7 to 12 months (89 3 Weight [kg] 2 100) 1 22 kcal 11 13 to 36 months (89 3 Weight [kg] 2 100) 1 20 kcal 13 Boys 3 to 8 years 88.5 2 (61.9 3 Age [yr] 1 PA 3 (26.7 3 Weight [kg] 1 903 3 Height [m]) 1 20 kcal 19 9 to 18 years 88.5 2 (61.9 3 Age [yr]) 1 PA 3 (26.7 3 Weight [kg] 1 903 3 Height [m]) 1 25 kcal 34 to 52 Girls 3 to 8 years 135.3 2 (30.8 3 Age [yr]) 1 PA3 (10.0 3 Weight [kg] 1 934 3 Height [m]) 1 20 kcal 19 9 to 18 years 135.3 2 (30.8 3 Age [yr]) 1 PA 3 (10.0 3 Weight [kg] 1 934 3 Height [m]) 1 25 kcal 34 to 46 Dietary Reference Intakes of Energy and Protein from Birth to 18 Years of Age Per Day* a Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water. bBased on grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for the reference body weight (e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight). *PA, Physical activity level. Data from the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002. Life Stage Group Total Watera (L/d) Total Fiber (g/d) Linoleic Acid (g/d) a-Linolenic Acid (g/d) Proteinb (g/d) Infants Birth to 6 mo 0.7* ND 4.4* 0.5* 9.1* 6 to 12 mo 0.8* ND 4.6* 0.5* 11.0 Children 1-3 yr 1.3* 19* 7* 0.7* 13 4-8 yr 1.7* 25* 10* 0.9* 19 Males 9-13 yr 2.4* 31* 12* 1.2* 34 14-18 yr 3.3* 38* 16* 1.6* 52 19-30 yr 3.7* 38* 17* 1.6* 56 31-50 yr 3.7* 38* 17* 1.6* 56 51-70 yr 3.7* 30* 14* 1.6* 56 .70 yr 3.7* 30* 14* 1.6* 56 Females 9-13 yr 2.1* 26* 10* 1.0* 34 14-18 yr 2.3* 26* 11* 1.1* 46 19-30 yr 2.7* 25* 12* 1.1* 46 31-50 yr 2.7* 25* 12* 1.1* 46 51-70 yr 2.7* 21* 11* 1.1* 46 .70 yr 2.7* 21* 11* 1.1* 46 Pregnancy 14-18 yr 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 19-30 yr 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 31-50 yr 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 Lactation 14-18 yr 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 19-30 yr 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 31-50 yr 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients* Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Source: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The report may be accessed via www.n If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. *Note: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in boldface type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).