Tiêu đề 02-Food Security in India.pdf ✅

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA 2 CHAPTER CONTENTS F Food security and its dimensions F Need for food security F Who are food insecure ? F Type of Hunger F Self-sufficiency in food grains F Food security in India F Buffer sock & Public Distribution System F Role of cooperatives in food security ➢ FOOD SECURITY It means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times. food security depends on the Public Distribution System (PDS).  Dimension of food security : (A) Availability of foods means food production with in the country, food imports and the previous years stock stored in government granaries. (B) Accessibility means food is within reach of every person. (C) Affordability implies that an individual has enough money to buy sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet one’s dietary needs. Food security is ensured in a country only if - (A) Enough food is available for all the persons. (B) All the persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality. (C) There is no barrier on access to food. ➢ WHY FOOD SECURITY ? The poorest section of the society might be food insecure most of the times while persons above the poverty line might also be food insecure when the country faces a national disaster/calamity like earthquake, tsunami, drought etc.
 How is food security affected during a calamity ? 1. Due to a natural calamity, say drought, total production of food, grains decreases. 2. It create a shortage of food in a affected areas. 3. Due to shortage of food, the prices go up. 4. At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food. If such calamity (Drought) happens in a very wide area or is stretched over a longer time period, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation might take a turn of famine.  Features of famine : 1. Wide spread deaths due to starvation. 2. Epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food. 3. Loss of the body resistance due to weakening from starvation. ➢ WHO ARE FOOD INSECURE ? The worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land to depend upon, traditional artisans providers of traditional services, petty self employed workers and destitutes including beggars. In the urban areas food insecure families are those whose working members are generally employed in ill paid occupations and casual labour market. These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just ensure bare survival.  Social composition : 1. The SCs, STs and some section of the OBCs (lower caste among them) who have either poor landbase or very low land productivity are prone to food insecurity. 2. The people affected by natural disasters, who have to migrate to other areas in search of work are also among the food insecure people. 3. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails among women especially pregnant and nursing mother and children under the age of 5 years.  Areas of Food Insecurity : 1. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions more prone to natural disasters etc. 2. The state of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south eastern parts) Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Begal, Chattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharastra account for largest number of food insecure people in the country.  Hunger :
Hunger is not just an expression of poverty, it brings about poverty. The attainment of food security therefore involves eliminating current hunger and reducing the risk of future hunger. There are two types of dimensions of hunger - 1. Chronic hunger 2. Seasonal hunger 1. Chronic hunger : It is consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and in turn inability to buy food even for survival. 2. Seasonal Hunger : It is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. This is prevalent in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of the agricultural activities and in urban areas because of the casual labour, e.g. there is a less work for casual construction labour during the rainy season. This type of hunger exists when a person is unable to get work for the entire year. ➢ SELF SUFFICIENCY IS FOOD GRAIN  Self sufficiency : Though after the success of Green Revolution an new Agricultural Policy the imports of food grains have considerably fallen but still India is not, self dependent in case of food security. Success of wheat Revolution in July 1968 later was replicated in rice. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where food production jumped from 7.23 million tones in 1964-65 to reach an all time high of 30.33 million tones in 1995-96. Production in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and the north eastern states continued to stagger. Tamil Nadu and Andra Pradesh, on the other hand, recorded significant increases in rice yield. ➢ FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA Food security system has two components - (A) Buffer stock (B) Public Distribution System (A) Buffer stock : It is stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). FCI : The food corporation of India was set in 1965. The main function of FCI are - (A) To procure food grains directly from the farmers. (B) To store the food grains (C) To distribute the food grains to various agencies.  Minimum Support Price : The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This price is called minimum support Price (MSP). The MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to the farmers for raising the production of these crops. The purchased food grains are
stored in granaries. This buffer stock is created by the government. This is done to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at price lower than the market price also known as Issue Price. This also helps to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the period of calamity. (B) Public Distribution System : Supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as public distribution system. It is used as an important activity of the state to ensure food security to the people, particularly the poorer ones. Under PDS the central government has assumed responsibility for supply of essential commodities like wheat, rice sugar, ediable oils and kerosene. This schemes is implemented with the help of the government in states and union territories. There are more than 4.55 Lakh fair price shops to distribute the essential commodities. The prices of the goods sold through PDS in fair price shops is less than that of the market price. The cost of this price difference is borne by the government. This amount is known as subsidy. Types of ration card : 1. Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor. 2. BPL card for those below poverty line. 3. APL cards for all other. Three important food intervention programmes : (A) Public distribution system. (B) Integrated Child Development Services (introduced in 1975) (C) Food for work (Introduced in 1977-78) ➢ CURRENT STATUS OF PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. In the beginning the coverage of PDS was universal with no discrimination between the poor and non poor. 2. In 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was introduced in 1700 blocks in the country. The target was to provide benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas. 3. From June 1997, in a renewed attempt Targeted Public distribution system (TDPS) was introduced to adopt the principle of targeting the poor in all areas. It was for the first time that a differential price policy was adopted for poor and non poor. 4. In 2000, two special schemes were launched i.e. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and the Annapurana scheme (APS) with special target groups of poorest of the poor and indigent senior citizen.