Tiêu đề Botany Ultra HD Maps.pdf ✅

l When we try to define living we simply understand that what living is as opposed to the non-living There are some unique features of living organisms such as growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment, metabolism, ability to self replicate, self organise and interact. FEATURES REPRODUCTION METABOLISM CONSCIOUSNESS CELLULAR ORGANISATION Increase in mass and increase in number Production of progeny of same kind Sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in body. Ability to respond to external stimulus Defining Defining Defining Living organisms but some exceptions are seen such as infertile human couples, mules and sterile worker bees Seen in all unicellular as well as multicellular organisms. Seen in all unicellular as well as multicellular organisms. Only human is self-conscious Seen in all unicellular and multicellular organisms DEFINING OR CHARACTERISTICS Characteristic Characteristic SEEN IN Both living (Intrinsic) and non living objects (Extrinsic) m Reproduction is synonymous with growth in unicellular organisms but not in multicellular organisms. m A reaction in test tube is neither living nor non-living. m Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders, both plants and animals. m In Planaria (flat-worms), we observe true regeneration. m Properties of tissues are not present in constituent cells similarly properties of cell organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelles but arise due to interactions. m The patient lying in coma has no self-consciousness. m All living organisms – Present, past and future are linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic material but to varying degrees. m Living organisms are self-replicating, evolving and self regulating interactive system capable of responding to external stimuli. m Biodiversity is number and types of organisms present on earth. m The number of species that are known and described range between 1.7-1.8 million. m As local names vary from place to place, there is need to standardise the naming of living organisms. This process is NOMENCLATURE. m Before nomenclature identification should be done. m Scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria which are provided in ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) - for plants and ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature) - for animals. m The most accepted system for naming of organisms is binomial nomenclature, given by Carolus Linnaeus m According to this, each scientific name has two names, the generic name and specific epithet and are generally in Latin. Ex. Mango ® Mangifera indica Linn. m Genus starts with capital letter and species starts with small letter. m Scientific name should be printed in italics, if handwritten should be underlined separately. m Name of the author should be at the end of the biological name in abbreviated form. CLASSIFICATION : m Classification is process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories. The scientific terms for these categories is taxa. (Dogs, cats, mammals, plants etc.) m Hence, based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process is called taxonomy. m Taxa can indicate categories at very different levels. e.g. animals , mammals and dogs represent taxa at different levels. m Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships = systematics. m Morphology, anatomy, cell structure, development process and ecological informations are basis of modern taxonomic studies. m Characterisation, identification, classification and nomenclature are basics of taxonomy. Genus Species GROWTH m Each step in classification is called category or rank. m As it is a part of taxonomy hence called taxonomic category and all categories constitute taxonomic hierarchy. m There are seven obligate categories. m Sub categories are also developed by scientists. m The number of common characteristics goes on decreasing from species to kingdom. m Each rank or taxon infact, represents a unit of classification. 1 WHAT IS LIVING? 3 TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES 2 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Chapter 1 The Living World
These aids are prime source of taxonomical studies. Common Name Biological Name Genus Family Order Class Phylum/ Division Man Homo sapiens Homo Homini- dae Primata Mammalia Chordata Housefly Musca domestica Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthro- poda Mango Mangifera indica Mangifera Anacar- diaceae Sapin- dales Dicotyledo nae Angios- permae Wheat Triticum aestivum Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyl edonae Angiosper mae Taxonomical aids Keys Zoological parks Museum Herbarium Botanical Gardens – Generally setup in schools and educational institutes – Has preserved plant and animal specimens, large animals are usually stuffed – Insects are preserved in insect boxes – Wild animals are kept in their natural environment – Analytical in nature – Based on contrasting characters generally in pair, couplet – Based on similarities and dissimilarities – Each statement is called a lead – Store house of dried, presses and preserved plant specimens pasted on sheets – Each sheet carries a label which has information of specimen – Have collection of living plants for reference – Each plant is labelled – Largest Botanical garden at Kew (England) Indian Botanical Garden in Howrah. Monograph Monograph contains information of any one taxon Flora – Provides the index to the plant species found in a particular area. Manual – Are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area. A S C E N D I N G O R D E R Kingdom Phylum/division Class Order Family Genus Species (Basic and lowest category) For plants division is used, has related classes Has related families characterised mainly on floral characters Has assemblage of related orders Comprises a group of related genera. Characterised on the basis of both vegetative and floral characters Comprises a group of related species ANIMALS CATEGORIES PLANTS Felis + Panthera : Genus : Solanum + Datura, Petunia Canidae + Falidae : Family : Solanaceae + Convolvulaceae Primata + Carnivora : Order : Polymoniales + Sapindales Aves, Reptalia + Mammalia: Class : Dicotyledonae + Monocotyledonae Non chordata + Chordata : Phylum/ division : Angiospermae + Gymnospermae Plantae Animalia : Kingdom leo, tigris, pardus : Species : tuberosum, nigrum, melongena The word systematics is derived from Latin word ‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level. Hence, the problem of classification becomes more complex. 4 5 7 TAXONOMICAL AIDS 6 ORGANISMS WITH THEIR TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES m m m 2 The Living World NCERT Maps
NCERT Maps The Living World 3 1. Which of the following is seen in all organisms without exception? [NCERT Pg. 5] (1) Growth (2) Metabolism (3) Reproduction (4) Self consciousness 2. In the scientific name of mango, the word indica indicates [NCERT Pg. 9] (1) Generic name (2) Specific epithet (3) Family to which it belongs (4) Class to which it belongs 3. Wheat belongs to [NCERT Pg.11] (1) Family Solanaceae (2) Order Poales (3) Class Poales (4) Family Anacardiaceae 4. Which of the following statements is incorrect? [NCERT Pg. 4] (1) Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals are twin characteristics of growth (2) Mountains and sand dunes do not grow (3) Living organisms show intrinsic growth (4) Unicellular organisms grow by cell divisions. 5. Reproduction is synonymous with growth in [NCERT Pg. 4] (1) Bacteria (2) Amoeba (3) Multicellular organisms (4) Both (1) and (2) 6. All living organisms [NCERT Pg. 4-5] (1) Reproduce (2) Show growth but not consciousness (3) Sense their surroundings (4) Are not self replicating 7. ICBN stands for [NCERT Pg. 6] (1) International Code for Bacterial Nomenclature (2) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (3) International Code for Bacteriophages Nomenclature (4) International Code for blue green algae 8. Which of the following is incorrect about binomial nomenclature? [NCERT Pg. 7] (1) Biological names are generally in Latin and printed in italics (2) First word is genus and second word denotes the specific epithet (3) Both the words are separately underlined when handwritten (4) Both the words start with capital letter 9. Select the odd one w.r.t. basics of taxonomy. [NCERT Pg. 8] (1) Identification (2) Classification (3) Evolutionary relationship between organisms (4) Nomenclature 10. Select the incorrect statement. [NCERT Pg. 8] (1) The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ (2) All taxonomic categories together constitute taxonomic hierarchy (3) Taxonomic categories are merely morphological aggregate (4) Each rank is a category 11. Select the odd one w.r.t. genus which contains many species? [NCERT Pg. 9] (1) Panthera (2) Homo (3) Solanum (4) Both (1) and (3) 12. Genus is a group of related [NCERT Pg. 9] (1) Families (2) Orders (3) Species (4) Classes
4 The Living World NCERT Maps 13. Mark the odd one w.r.t. taxonomic category. [NCERT Pg. 9-10] (1) Felidae (2) Solanaceae (3) Canidae (4) Carnivora 14. Which of the following taxonomic category comes after order in ascending order of hierarchy? [NCERT Pg. 10] (1) Family (2) Species (3) Class (4) Genus 15. Find the incorrect match. [NCERT Pg. 11] (1) Man – Hominidae (2) Housefly – Felidae (3) Mango – Anacardiaceae (4) Wheat – Poaceae 16. Read the following statements and select the correct option. [NCERT Pg. 11] Statement A : The collection of actual specimens of plants and animal species is essential and is prime source of taxonomic studies. Statement B : Taxonomic studies of various species of plants, animals and other organisms are useful in agriculture, forestry, industry. (1) Only statement A is correct (2) Only statement B is correct (3) Both statements A and B are correct (4) Both statements A and B are incorrect 17. Herbarium sheet carries a label which contains all given information, except [NCERT Pg. 12] (1) Date and place of collection of specimen (2) Botanical name of specimen (3) Name of the collector (4) Height of the specimen 18. Indian botanical garden is situated in [NCERT Pg. 12] (1) Lucknow (2) Howrah (3) Darjeeling (4) Delhi 19. Which of the following statement is incorrect for museums?[NCERT Pg. 12-13] (1) They have collection of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference (2) Insects are preserved in insect boxes. (3) Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved (4) Live wild animals are also kept to study their food habits and behaviour 20. Select the correct statement for keys. [NCERT Pg. 13] (1) Is analytical in nature (2) Is based on similarities only (3) Each statement in key is called couplet (4) Same taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category 1. A _______ grow by cell division. [NCERT Pg. 4] 2. _______ easily multiply by fragmentation. [NCERT Pg. 4] 3. _______ of the body is defining feature of life forms. [NCERT Pg. 5] 4. Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed in the family _______ [NCERT Pg. 9] 5. All the three names, indica, tuberosum and leo represent the _______ [NCERT Pg. 9] 6. _______ includes related orders [NCERT Pg. 10] 7. As we go higher from species to kingdom, the number of common characteristics goes on _______ [NCERT Pg. 11] 8. Wheat belongs to the class _______. [NCERT Pg. 11] 9. _______ is the store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets. [NCERT Pg. 11-12] 10. National Botanical Research institute is situated in _______ [NCERT Pg. 12]