Tiêu đề Ex- 1 Biological Classification (Q-Sol-Ans).pdf ✅

1 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION EXERCISE – 1: Basic Objective Questions Kingdoms of Classification 1. Who made the earliest attempt to a more scientific basis for classification? (a) R. H. Whittaker (b) Linnaeus (c) Aristotle (d) Bentham and Hooker Ans. (c) Sol. Aristotle was the earliest person to attempt a more scientific basis for the classification of organisms. To classify plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs, he used simple morphological characters. He also divided animals into two groups, those with red blood and those without red blood. 2. The classification system proposed by Linnaeus was ___________ kingdom system of classification. (a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five Ans. (a) Sol. The classification system proposed by Linnaeus was a two-kingdom system of classification. He divided organisms into two kingdoms- one was the Plantae (included all plants), and the other was the Animalia (included all animals). 3. The five-kingdom classification was proposed by (a) R. H. Whittaker (b) C. Linnaeus (c) A. Rosberg (d) Virchow Ans. (a) Sol. R. H. Whittaker was the person who proposed the five-kingdom classification in 1969. He divided the organisms into five kingdoms- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The main criteria for classification used by him include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships. 4. How many criteria are used in the five- kingdom classification? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 3 Ans. (c) Sol. There were five main criteria used by Whittaker to classify organisms in five kingdom classification. These were cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships. 5. Five kingdom classification was based on (a) Cell structure (b) Thallus organization (c) Mode of nutrition (d) All of the above Ans. (d) Sol. Cell structure, thallus organization, and mode of nutrition, all form the basic criteria of the five- kingdom classification. All these characteristics vary from kingdom to kingdom such as green plants have cell walls of cellulose, fungi have cell walls of chitin, but animals lack a cell wall. Plants show an autotrophic mode of nutrition and animals are heterotrophic in which most of them are holozoic or parasitic. 6. The heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organism without cell wall; is included in the kingdom (a) Protista (b) Fungi (c) Plantae (d) Animalia Ans. (d) Sol. Animalia is the only kingdom that includes organisms that lack cell walls and are heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes. This kingdom includes all the animals such as human beings, cats, dogs, etc. 7. The two kingdoms that are constant in all types of classifications from Linnaeus to Whittaker are (a) Plantae and Animalia (b) Monera and Protista (c) Protista and Fungi (d) Monera and Fungi Ans. (a) Sol. Plantae and Animalia are the two kingdoms that were classified by Linnaeus. Since then, although new kingdoms were created from these two kingdoms, these two kingdoms remained constant from the two kingdom systems by Linneaus to the five-kingdom system by R.H. Whittaker. 8. Which of the following characters serve as the criteria for the five-kingdom system of classification as used by R. H. Whittaker? (a) Cell structure and thallus organization (b) Mode of nutrition and reproduction (c) Phylogenetic relationships (d) All of these Ans. (d)
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 2 Sol. Cell structure and thallus organization are the criteria that vary from kingdom to kingdom. Plants have a cell wall made of cellulose whereas animals lack a cell wall. Similarly, cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationship are the characters that serve as the basic criteria for the classification of organisms. 9. In the five-kingdom classification, lichens are placed in which kingdom? (a) Plantae (b) Protista (c) Monera (d) None of the above Ans. (d) Sol. Lichens are formed by the symbiotic association between algae and fungi. Hence, these organisms cannot be placed in any of the kingdoms in the five- kingdom classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker. 10. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to (Exemplar) (a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) Bacteria Ans. (b) Sol The kingdom Protista (Gk. Protistos = first of all) was proposed by Ernst Haeckel (1866). All single-celled eukaryotes are placed in the kingdom Protista. Phylogenetically, the kingdom Protista acts as a connecting link between the prokaryotic kingdom- Monera on one hand and the complex multicellular kingdoms– Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia on the other hand. Protista is regarded as the ancestors of all multicellular eukaryotic organisms. 11. Among the five-kingdom classification, eukaryotes are placed in how many kingdoms? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 Ans. (c) Sol. Among the five-kingdom classification, the eukaryotes are placed in four out of five kingdoms. These are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia hereas Monera is the only kingdom that includes all prokaryotes. 12. Assertion: Two kingdom classification was insufficient. Reason: The majority of organisms did not fall into either of the categories in the two kingdom classification. (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false. (d) If both assertion and reason are false. Ans. (a) Sol. Two kingdom classification (founded by Linnaeus) worked well for a long time. But this system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. Although the classification of organisms (into plants and animals) was easily done and was easy to understand, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category. Hence, the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found inadequate. Kingdom Monera 13. Sole members of kingdom Monera are (a) Bacteria (b) Fungi (c) BGA (d) Eubacteria Ans. (a) Sol. Bacteria are the sole members of the kingdom Monera. The kingdom monera includes all unicellular prokaryotic organisms. 14. Kingdom Monera comprises (a) Blue-green algae (b) Bacteria and Archaebacteria (c) Mycoplasma (d) All of the above Ans. (d) Sol. All the members of kingdom monera are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) such as Nostoc or Anabaena; archaebacteria such as halophiles, methanogens, thermoacidophiles, and the smallest bacteria mycoplasma, all come under the kingdom Monera. 15. ________ is the most common method of reproduction in bacteria. (a) Binary fission (b) Endospore formation (c) Conjugation (d) Sexual reproduction Ans. (a)
3 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Sol. Bacteria come under the kingdom Monera as they are unicellular and prokaryotic in nature. These organisms mainly divide or reproduce through binary fission, a process of asexual reproduction in which a single parent produces two daughter cells. 16. Cyanobacteria are classified under which of the following kingdoms? (a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Algae (d) Plantae Ans. (a) Sol. Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are classified as eubacteria in the kingdom monera as per the five- kingdom classification system given by Whittaker. These organisms are prokaryotic unicellular organisms that are photosynthetic autotrophs due to the presence of chlorophyll-a. 17. Organisms living in salty areas are called as (Exemplar) (a) methanogens (b) halophiles (c) heliophytes (d) thermoacidophiles Ans. (b) Sol. Halophiles are a type of archaebacteria that occur in salt-rich substrata (2.5 - 5.0 M) like salt pans, salt beds, and salt marshes, e.g., Halobacterium, Halococcus. They are aerobic, chemoheterotrophs. Their cell membranes have red carotenoid pigment for protection against harmful solar radiation. 18. Archaebacteria are special since they live in some of the harshest habitats such as (a) Marshy area (b) Hot springs (c) Extreme salty (d) All the above Ans. (d) Sol. Archaebacteria are those groups of bacteria that live under harsh climatic conditions. Archaebacteria include thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens, etc. Thermoacidophiles live in hot springs, halophiles in extremely salty areas, and methanogens in marshy areas. 19. Which one does not belong to Monera? (a) Slime moulds (b) Mycoplasma (c) Eubacteria (d) Archaebacteria Ans. (a) Sol. Mycoplasma, eubacteria or true bacteria, and archaebacteria such as halophiles, thermoacidophiles, and methanogens, all are prokaryotic bacteria that come under the kingdom Monera. Whereas, slime moulds are eukaryotic organisms that come under the kingdom Protista. 20. Which types of bacteria are responsible for the production of biogas? (a) Halophiles (b) Thermoacidophiles (c) Methanogens (d) BGA Ans. (c) Sol. Methanogens are the type of archaebacteria that are ultimately responsible for the production of biogas from the dung of animals such as cows, buffaloes, etc. These organisms are present in the gut of ruminant organisms such as cows, buffalo, etc. 21. Archaebacteria are the special type of bacteria since they live in some of the harshest habitats such as hot springs are called (a) Halophiles (b) Methanogens (c) Thermoacidophiles (d) All of the above Ans. (c) Sol. Thermoacidophiles are the special type of archaebacteria that are able to live in harsh climatic conditions such as hot springs and acidic conditions. Special structural and biochemical adaptations make it possible for these organisms to survive. 22. Nostoc and Anabaena can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells known as (a) Conidiophores (b) Auxospores (c) Hormogones (d) Heterocyst Ans. (d) Sol. Nostoc and Anabaena are cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. They fix the atmospheric nitrogen with the help of special cells present in their body which are known as heterocysts. 23. Which of the following bacteria are comma-shaped? (a) Salmonella typhi (b) Vibrio cholera (c) E.coli (d) Clostridium tetani Ans. (b)
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 4 Sol. The comma-shaped bacteria are known as vibrium (pl. vibrio). Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the disease cholera. 24. Chlorophyll-a is present in (a) Archaebacteria (b) Bacteria (c) Cyanobacteria (d) All Ans. (c) Sol. Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are unicellular, prokaryotic, eubacteria belonging to the kingdom monera. These bacteria are photosynthetic and have chlorophyll-a similar to green plants. 25. Which of the following organisms completely lack a cell wall, they are the smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen? (a) Mycoplasma (b) Euglenoids (c) Slime moulds (d) All of these Ans. (a) Sol. Mycoplasma is the smallest living cell that can survive without oxygen. They are prokaryotic in nature and completely lack cell walls. They come under the kingdom Monera. Euglenoids and slime moulds are eukaryotic protists. 26. Which bacteria are most abundant in nature? (a) Archaebacteria (b) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria (c) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria (d) Heterotrophic bacteria Ans. (d) Sol. The bacteria which are most abundant in nature are heterotrophic bacteria. These bacteria do not synthesize their own food. Hence, they are called heterotrophic bacteria.. 27. Recognise the figure and find out the correct match. a. i. Bacilli b. ii. Cocci c. iii. Spirilla d. iv Vibrio (a) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv (b) a-iv, b-i, c-iii, d-ii (c) a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i (d) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii Ans. (c) Sol. In the above figure, the comma-shaped bacteria are known as Vibrio, the rod-shaped bacteria are known as Bacilli, the spherical bacteria are known as Cocci and the spiral-shaped bacteria are known as Spirilla. All these bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic and come under the kingdom monera. 28. What is true about archaebacteria? (a) all are halophiles (b) all can do photosynthesis (c) all are fossils (d) oldest living beings Ans. (d) Sol. Archaebacteria are those bacteria that are considered the oldest living beings. They come under the kingdom monera. These types of bacteria are found in the harshest climatic conditions such as extremely salted areas, hot springs, etc. These bacteria have been living in such extreme conditions since ancient times. Therefore they are known as the oldest living beings. 29. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in (a) Mode of reproduction (b) Cell wall structure (c) Mode of nutrition (d) Cell shape Ans. (b) Sol. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria due to the presence of certain special compounds in their cell