Tiêu đề criminology.pdf ✅

Criminology Teaching Material Prepared by: Mrs. Glory Nirmala.k Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System Research Institute 2009
i TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I- SCOPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY.........................1 Introduction..........................................................................................1 Section.1. Understanding Criminology.........................................................3 1.1 Defining Criminology.........................................................................3 1.2 Nature and Scope of Criminology...........................................................3 1.3 Significance of Criminology..................................................................4 1.4 Definitions Important Terms..................................................................8 1.5 Inter-Relation between Criminology Penology and Criminal Law.....................9 1.6 Criminology and Criminal Justice System................................................10 1.7 Historical Development of Criminology..................................................11 Section 2- Early Explanations of Criminology-Schools of Thought.....................15 2.1 Pre-Classical School of Criminology.........................................................16 2.2 The Classical School...........................................................................17 2.3 Neo-Classical School.......................................................................... 25 2.4 Positive School.................................................................................27 2.5 Clinical School of Criminology...............................................................37 2.6 Sociological School of Criminology.........................................................38 2.7 The Modern Criminology.....................................................................38 Unit Summary......................................................................................39 References...........................................................................................42 UNIT II- THEORIES OF CAUSATION OF CRIME.................................... 43 Introduction.........................................................................................43 Section 1-Biological Theories of Crime.......................................................44 1.1 Genetics and Criminality......................................................................45 1.2 Constitutional (Body Type) Determinants.................................................. 47 1.3. Constitutional Interactionist View.......................................................... 49 Section .2.Psychological Theories of Crime...................................................51 2.1. Criminal Thinking Patterns...................................................................52
ii 2.2. Personality Defects............................................................................53 2.3. Psychoanalytic Explanations.................................................................53 Section 3- Sociological Theories of Crime....................................................57 3.1. Structural Explanations........................................................................57 3.2. Sub-Cultural Explanations...................................................................60 3.3. Multiple Factor Approach....................................................................64 3.4. Crimes in Urban and Rural Areas........................................................... 72 3.5 Neighborhood influences.....................................................................73 Section.4. Social-Psychological Theories of Crime .........................................74 4.1. Control Theories...............................................................................75 4.2. Learning Theories.............................................................................78 Unit Summary..................................................................................... 82 References...........................................................................................84 UNITIII- THE TYPOLOGIES AND MEASUREMENT OF CRIME................. 85 Introduction........................................................................................85 Section 1- The Typologies of Crime-A General Overview.................................85 Section.2. Victimless-Crimes or Public Order Crimes....................................90 2.1. Definition and Nature......................................................................90 2.2. Justification and Limitation for Criminalizing Victimless Crimes.....................93 2.3. Decriminalization of Public Order Crimes.................................................94 Section 3- Juvenile Delinquency...............................................................101 3.1. Definition......................................................................................101 3.2. Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency.......................................101 3.3. Juvenile Delinquency as a Male Phenomenon............................................104 3.4. Risk factors....................................................................................105 3.5. Delinquency Prevention.....................................................................107 Section 4 White-Collar Crime..............................................................107 4.1. Defining White Collar Crime...............................................................108 4.2. Relationship to Other Types of Crime.....................................................109 4.3. Principles of Liability and Defences.......................................................110