Tiêu đề 18. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & RISK MANAGEMENT.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 1 INTRODUCTION:  Risk is the likelihood or the probability of experiencing some type of harm, or losing something that one values.  Risk factors are variables or characteristics (biological -genetic disorder/ageing, environmental-air/water pollution/ passive smoking or psychosocial- workload/deadlines) associated with an individual that make it more likely that he or she, as opposed to another person randomly selected from the population, will develop a problem. RISK FACTORS:  Exists before a disorder or problem.  Maybe time — limited or may continue over time.  Can derive from the individual, the family, the community, institutions or the general environment; and  Can play a causal role or be a marker for a problem (BRAC). CHARACTERISTICS OF RISKS: 1. RISK IS NOT CERTAIN.  Risk is based on probability. Therefore, not everyone who is exposed to a risk condition or factor will have an adverse outcome. Risk factors are "linked to" and "associated with" negative outcomes.  E.g. psychosocial outcomes v/s biological outcomes.  Teratogenic drug - thalidomide, environmental toxin – lead. 2. RISK IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT.  Risk factors range from those that are only markers to minimally harmful situations to those that are markers to life - threatening situations.  (Social continuum of risk/personal risk continuum).  Risk is not a neutral concept. It involves determining what acceptable or unacceptable consequences.  Risk factors work together over time to influence the likelihood of a negative outcome. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & RISK MANAGEMENT
PHARMD GURU Page 2  The longer the exposure to risk factors, the greater the likelihood the health problem will occur.  Risk Identification - Exist as a social context. The identification of risk will be partially based upon their values, biases, experience and knowledge. FLOW OF RISK IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: RISK PURSUED AS OPPORTUNITY RELUCTANTLY ASSUMED RISK RISK FOR WHICH NO CHOICE FREELY ACCEPTED RISK FIGURE 1: PERSONAL RISK CONTINUUM TRUE RISK STATISTICAL CONSIDERATION (Sampling, models etc) MEASURED ESTIMATED RISK PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION (Bias,Confounding etc)