Tiêu đề 18. ANTI-NEOPLASTIC AGENTS.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 2 enters the bloodstream.  Lymphoma: This refers to cancer that originates in the immune system.  Sarcoma: This develops in bone fat, muscle, blood vessels, cartilage, bone or other types of connective tissues.  Cancer of the central nervous system: This form of cancer originates in the tissues of the spinal cord and brain. Neoplasm can be diagnosed by various tests such as radiographs (X-rays), blood tests, and ultrasound examinations. A biopsy, taking a tissue sample from the neoplasm for examination under a microscope, is usually necessary to confirm the diagnosis and helps to determine if the neoplasm is benign or malignant. Additional biopsies of other tissues, such as lymph nodes, may be necessary to determine how far a malignant neoplasm (cancer) has spread. The treatments available for treating malignant cancer include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, once metastasis has occurred, the patient prognosis is so poor that treating the multiple sites affected is not usually viable. THE CELL CYCLE:  The basic differences between cancer cells and normal cells are uncontrolled cell proliferation, decreased cellular differentiation, ability to invade surrounding tissue, and ability to establish new growth at ectopic sites. Proliferation rates vary widely with the cell type.  Development and homeostasis in multicellular organism are controlled by processes of cell division, differentiation and death. In the adult, the steady-state number of differentiated cells is maintained by a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Cell death is a complex and actively regulated process known as apoptosis.  Apoptosis is a defined process of cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and nuclear condensation. It differs from necrosis, the cell death induced by severe cellular injury, which is characterized by swelling and lysis. Cancer can be considered as a failure of cells to undergo apoptosis.  A life cycle of cell begins with the organism‟s formation, is followed by growth and development, and finally ends in death. Individual cells also have life cycles.