1 COURSE NO : SSAC-353 Course Title : Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management Course Credits : 3 (2+1) SEMESTER V (New) ( 2020 – 2021 ) Yogesh R. Suryawanshi ( Note :- following questions are taken from different sources and important topic for examination , answer of the following questions may be wrong , they refers from different sources you may confirm it by checking your syllabus notes for your confirmation . I am also providing you theory PDF notes , this PDF is not for copy right purpose , this only for your revision propose . I am not responsible for any wrong answer or spelling mistake if you found any mistake just message me on my email
[email protected] or WhatsApp mo. 7410754431. Thank you . ) Soil :- Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic material and living forms in which grow. Essential nutrients :- A chemical element required for normal growth of plant without which plant cannot complete its life cycle. Example: - C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Bo, Mo, Cl, Ni. Beneficial nutrients :- Beneficial elements are the mineral elements which stimulate plant growth but are not essential or which are essential only for certain plant species or under specific conditions. Example – silicon, sodium, aluminium, cobalt selenium and vanadium, Macronutrients - These are required in large quantities and there concentration in plant tissue is also more. There are nine macronutrients viz. C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Secondary nutrients – Ca, Mg and S are required in relatively less quantity and they play secondary role in plant growth and hence are called secondary.
2 Micronutrients - These are required in very small amounts and therefore called as micronutrients. These are – Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl and Ni. Deficiency - When an essential elements is at low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deficiency symptoms. Extreme deficiency will lead to death of the plant. Toxicity – When the Concentration of either essential or other element is high, enough to reduce plant growth and yield Organic Recycling : Returning the plant nutrients removed by crops from soil through additions of organic material of crop after harvesting crop is referred as an organic recycling. Manures : These are the materials naturally available in farm or locality and are constituted mainly of remains of plants and animals which are added to a soil as a source of nutrients and for modifying the soil properties. C/N ratio: The ratio of the weight of organic carbon to the weight of total nitrogen in soil or organic material. Bulky organic manures : Organic material of natural origin having greater volume per unit nutrient content. C/N ratio may be about 20 : 1 examples - FYM, compost and green manuring. Concentrated organic manure : Organic material of natural origin having small volume per unit nutrient content. These are generally undecomposed having C:N ratio may be less than 10 : 1. Examples - oil cakes, blood meal, meat meal, fish and bonemeal. Farm Yard Manure (FYM) : It constitutes the excreta of farm animals with or without an admixture of bedding or litter, fresh or at various stages of further decomposition. FYM contains on an average 0.5 % N, 0.2% P 2 O 5 and 0.5 % K2 O. Vermicompost : The compost which is produced by earthworms having the highest grade and containing greater amounts of available / stable nutrients and high percentage of casting. Green manure : Plant material incorporated into soil while green or soon after maturity, for improving the soil. Exampal :- : Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Green Gram, Cowpea, glyricidia and subabhul. Guar, Mung and berseem.
3 Sewage : Liquid collected from closed drains usually contains urine and washings, the night soil and other solid ingredients. Composition : N - 6 to 10%, P 2 O 5 3 to 4% & K2 O 3 to 4% Sludge : Settled sewage solids combined with varying amounts of water and dissolved materials removed from sewage by screening sedimentation. Chemical precipitation or bacterial digestion. Composition: N - 1.5 to 3.5%, P 2 O 5 0.75 to 4.00 % and K2 O 0.3 to 0.6%. Sludge effluent: The clear liquid that escapes from settling of sludge is known as sludge effluent. Night soil : Human excreta consisting of solid portion as faces and liquid as urine. Composition: N-5 %, P 2 O 5 4.0% and K2 O 2.0% carbon -45 to 50%. Poudrette : The night soil is deposited in trenches and covered with a layer of earth and debris. This becomes dry material which is known as poudrette Biogass slurry: N-1.6 to 1.8%, P 2 O 5 1.1 to 2.0 and K2 O 0.8 to 1.2% Integrated nutrient management (INM) :- Fertiliilzers : Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin added to a soil to supply certain element essential for the growth of plants. Phosphatic fertilizers : Manufacturing process and properties of single super phosphate, enriched super phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate Complex fertilizers:- The commercial fertilizers containing atleast two or more of the primary essential plant nutrients (N, P, K) are called complex fertilizers. Nano fertilizers :- Micronutrient fertilizers : The carriers used as fertilizers to supply, micronutrients are called as micronutrient fertilizers. Chelates : It is a term applied to compounds which tightly hold certain cations that are attracted towards them and release them slowly for utilisation by plants. Soil Amendments : Mass flow - movement of solutes alongwith water to root surfaces in response to hydraulic gradient. Diffusion – Originally conceived by Grahm and Fick. It is the process of transport of ions or molecules in response to concentration gradient
4 Root interception - Ions in the soil that are intercepted by the growth of the root through the soil and hence do not have to move to the root before absorption. Soil fertility - The quality of soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements in quantities and proportions for the growth of specified plants. Soil fertility evaluation - It is the assessment of nutrient supplying capacity of soil. Different approaches for soil fertility evaluation Top dressing Application of fertilizers in standing crop is known as Top dressing. Nutrient Use Efficiency: Kilograms of yield per kilogram of applied nutrient. Fertilizer Use Efficiency : Kilograms of yield per kilogram of applied fertilizer.. Yield obtained with fertilizer – Yield obtained without fertilizer/ Yield obtained without fertilizer X 100 Manure: Manures are the substances which are organic in nature, capable of supplying plant nutrients in available form , bulky in nature having low analytical value and having no definite composition and most of them are obtained from animal and plant waste products. Fertilizer: A fertilizer can be defined as a mined or manufactured material containing one or more essential plant nutrients in potentially available forms in commercially valuable amounts. Manuring: Manuring is the process of increasing the productive capacity of land by adding plant foods to the soil in different forms. Bulky organic manures : Bulky organic manures are those materials of plant and /or animal origin, which when added to the soil have tendency to decrease bulk density and to increase soil volume ,thus providing better physical conditions for plant growth especially in coarse textured soils and also provide essential nutrients in smaller quantities than the chemical fertilizers . FARM YARD MANURE (Cattle manure) : The physical composition of cattle manure is called Farm Yard Manure, which consists of dung and urine of cattle and the litter, a bedding material like hay, straw used for cattle STRAW: Straw is sometimes left on the field as waste product from the harvest. It is useful as organic fertilizer especially on farms without live stock. COMPOST:- Dry and fresh plant tissues and also animal wastes can be introduced directly into or on the soil.
English