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Physical Geography of India DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 | www.ksgindia.com Page 2 CHAPTER – 1: INDIA PHYSICAL SETTING India as a geographical unit India is a country of great geographical extent. Girdled by the young, Folded Himalayas on its north-west, North and north-east and washed by the foundered basin of the Indian Ocean and its two main arms—the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal on the south-west, south and south-east, it has, since historic times, the privilege of being a well-defined geographical and geopolitical unit. To the south of the Himalayas is the great Indo-Gangetic plain, or the Great Plains, which is well known for its fertile soils. To the south of this plain is Peninsular India, comprising uneven plateaus and coastal plains. India is the most natural geographical unit, and it has developed a distinctive culture that is further conditioned by colonial rule for over two centuries. Thus, due to its vastness and diversities, India is considered to be a sub-continent as it comprises all the characteristics of a continent. Size and Location The Union of India is the seventh largest country in the world, covering an area of approximately 32 lakh square kilometres, and it is an important country in South Asia. India is twelve times larger than the U.K. and eight times larger than Japan. The mainland stretches from latitude 8°4′ north to 37°6′ north and from longitude 68°7′ east to 97°25′ east of Greenwich. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the country is almost the same in degrees, i.e. about 30 degrees. Due to the vast longitudinal extent, the time difference between the two extreme points in the east and west is two hours. As such, time along the standard meridian of India (82°30E) passing through Mirzapur (near Prayagraj) is taken as the Standard Time for the whole country. The country is of a vast size and measures about 3,214 kilometres from North to south and about 2,933 kilometres from west to east. This is because the distance between two longitudes decreases towards the poles, whereas the distance between two latitudes remains the same. The Tropic of Cancer passes through its middle part. India is situated on the northern fringe of the Indian Ocean. (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram) South of about 22° north latitude, the country begins to taper and pierces through the Indian Ocean for about 1,600 kilometres in the form of a wedge, dividing the ocean into two seas: the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. India occupies the south-central Peninsula of Asia. It consists of the mainland and two groups of Islands, namely Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India lies midway between the Far East and the Middle East. The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the industrially developed countries of Europe in the East and the underdeveloped countries of East Asia pass close by. India, being centrally located in South Asia, enjoys an advantageous position in trade with Australia and the countries of Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East. Thus, India dominates the Indian Ocean and commands an important strategic position. Her land frontier is 15,106 kilometres long. Her northern borderland, being mountainous, is very difficult to cross, and it offers very few transport facilities for