Tiêu đề অধ্যায় ১ বিশ্ব ও বাংলাদেশ প্রেক্ষিত- (With Solve).pdf ✅

2.........................................................................................................................................................................  ICT Chapter-1 kÖgevRv‡i †iv‡evwU· BwZevPK cÖfve:  †iveU Øviv •Zwi c‡Y ̈i ̧bMZgvb Lye fv‡jv Ges m~ÿZv I †ewk  †ive‡Ui KvR Kivi MwZ †ewk, AvDUcyU †ewk cvIqv hvq|  wec3⁄4bK cwi‡e‡k †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h ̈ KvR Kiv wbivc`|  GwU wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e `xN©ÿY K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|  †iv‡evwU· hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbv, iÿYv‡eÿY I ZË¡veavq‡bi Rb ̈ bZzb `ÿ kÖwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| d‡j Kg©‡ÿÎ •Zwi n‡e| kÖgevRv‡i †iv‡evwU‡·i †bwZevPK cÖfve:  †ive‡Ui ̄^qswμqZv, m~ÿ I wbLuyZ KvR ̧‡jv‡Z Kgx©‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kwg‡q w`‡e| d‡j Kg `ÿ kÖwg‡Ki Kg©ms ̄ vb msKxY© nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|  †iv‡evwUK hš¿cvwZ μ‡qi Rb ̈ wecyj cwigvY A_© Ges iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb ̈ `ÿ †jvK cÖ‡qvRb| †iveU mPj ivL‡Z AwaK we`y ̈‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq|  †iv‡evU bZzb ev RwUj cwiw ̄ wZ‡Z wb‡R †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡i Riæix †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †ive‡Ui e ̈envi SzuwKc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, PZz_© wecø‡ei mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z wkí‡ÿ‡Î cÖhyw3i e ̈envi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK Dfq cÖfveB †dj‡Z cv‡i| cÖkœ2 ÔKÕ Mv‡g©›Um d ̈v±wi‡Z AwMœms‡hvM wbnZ kÖwg‡Ki cwiPq kbv3 Ki‡Z DNA cixÿv Kiv nq| ivwKe GB ai‡bi AwMœKv‡Ûi K_v gv_vq †i‡L Ggb GK hš¿ Avwe®..vi K‡i‡Q hv GKB mg‡q AwMœ wbe©vc‡Y I D×viKv‡h© mnvqZv Ki‡e| (K) fv©Pzqvj wi‡qwjwU Kx? [iv. †ev. 24] (L) μv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z m~2 myuPhy3 bj e ̈envi Kiv nq †Kb? [iv. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K wbnZ kÖwgK kbv3Ki‡Y e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3wU e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [iv. †ev. 24] (N) DÏxc‡K ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z hš¿wU‡K Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b Kv‡R e ̈envi m¤¢e-we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| [iv. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K cÖK...Z A‡_© ev ̄Íe bq wKš‧ ev ͇̄ei †PZbv D‡`aKKvwi weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| L μv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva ̈‡g AwZ VvÐv A ̄^vfvweK I Amy ̄ wUmy ̈ aŸsm Kiv nq| Gc×wZ‡Z Zij bvB‡Uav‡Rb (Liquid trogen), Kve©b-WvB- A·vBW (carbon di-oxide), BZ ̈vw` e ̈envi Kiv nq| GBme c`v_© mvaviYZ GKwU †MvjvKvi bj Gi mvnv‡h ̈ †ivMvμvšÍ wUmy ̈i Dci cÖ‡jc †`qv nq GB †MvjvKvi bj‡K ejv nq μv‡qvcÖe (Cryoprobe) hv Amy ̄ wUmy ̈i Ici m~ÿ cÖ‡jc cÖ`v‡b e ̈eüZ nq| M DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ Mv‡g©›Um d ̈v±wi‡Z AwMœms‡hvM wbnZ kÖwgK kbv3Ki‡Y e ̈eüZ cÖhyw3 n‡jv DNA ev‡qv‡gwUaK cÖhyw3| ev‡qv‡gwUa· n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi †K.kj ev cÖhyw3 hvi gva ̈‡g gvby‡li kvixwiK KvVv‡gv, AvPvi,-AvPviY, •ewkó ̈, ̧Yv ̧Y, e ̈w3Z¡ cÖf...wZ Øviv wbw`©ó e ̈w3 wPwýZ ev kbv3 Kiv hvq| ev‡qv‡gwUa· wm‡÷g kbv3Ki‡Y †hme ev‡qvjwRK ̈vj †WUv e ̈eüZ nq Zv n‡jv:  kvixie„Ë (Physiological): gvby‡li gyLgÐj, nv‡Zi AvOzj, nv‡Zi †iLv, †iwUbv, AvBwim, wkiv|  AvPviYMZ (Behavioral): e ̈w3i AvPiY, nv‡Zi †jLv, K_vejv ev Pjv‡div ÷vBj| `yN©Uvbv ̄ j wKsev `yN©Ubvi wkKvi Ggb e ̈vw3i kixi †_‡K cÖvß •RweK bgybvi wWGbG bKkv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq `yN©Ubvi wkKvi e ̈w3i i‡3i m¤úK©hy3 e ̈w3i (evev, gv, fvB, †evb) KvQ †_‡K †bIqv i3 ev •RweK bgybvi wWGbG bKkvi mv‡_| Gfv‡e wWGbG †U‡ói mvnv‡h ̈ †Kv‡bv ARvbv e ̈w3i cwiPq kbv3 Kiv hvq| N DÏxc‡Ki ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z AwMœ wbe©vP‡b I D×viKv‡h© mnvqZvKvix hš¿wU n‡jv †iveU| †iveU n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uav‡gKvwbK ̈vj hvwš¿K e ̈e ̄ v, hv Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev B‡jKUawbK mvwK©U KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z GK ai‡Yi ̄^qswμqv ev Avav- ̄^qswμq hš¿| †ive‡U GKevi †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j wVK †mB †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| •`bw›`b Kv‡R †ivU‡Ui e ̈envi:  evmv-evwoi •`bw›`b wewfbœ Kv‡R †hgb: wK¬wbs, †d¬vi †gvwcs BZ ̈vw` Kv‡R †ivU e ̈envi Kiv nq|  wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvi fvwi wRwbm IVvbvgv ev ̄ vc‡bi Rb ̈ †iveU e ̈eüZ nq| we‡klZ hvbevnb/Mvwoi KviLvbvi †iveU e ̈eüZ nq|  AwZ m~ÿ KvR †hvgb: B‡jKUawb· Gi AvBwm ̧‡jv (IC) evbv‡bvi Rb ̈ Ges PCB (Printed Circuit Board) evbv‡bvi Rb ̈ †iveU e ̈eüZ nq|  wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î mvR©vwii Kv‡R mKjfv‡e e ̈envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|  KvLvbvi wRwbmcÎ ms‡hvRb, c ̈vwKs Ges wRwbmcÎ cwien‡bi Rb ̈ †ive‡Ui e ̈envi djcÖm~|  mvgwiK Kv‡R - †evgv wbw®...q Kiv, f‚wg gvBb kbv3KiY, wgwjUvwi Acv‡ik‡b e ̈eüZ nq| myZivs ejv hvq, Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b wewfbœ Kv‡R ivwK‡ei Avwe®.....Z hš¿wUi e ̈envi m¤¢e| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î †Kbv I iÿYv‡eÿY LiP, e ̈vUvwii e ̈vKAvc, cÖhyw3MZ RwUjZv Giƒc wKQz P ̈v‡jÄ I we` ̈gvb| G mKj cÖwZK‚jZv †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ive‡Ui e ̈envi AZ ̈šÍ djcÖm~| cÖkœ3 Wvt iZb Z¡K K ̈vÝv‡i AvμvšÍ GKRb †ivMxi wPwKrmv wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡M gva ̈‡g m¤úbœ K‡ib| wKš‧ wPwKrmvi c~‡e© wZwb GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ik‡bi gva ̈‡g AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib| (K) †ivewU· Kx? [Kz. †ev. 24] (L) ÔÔwe‡kl cÖhyw3i gva ̈‡g wbivc‡` WavBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢eÓ-e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (M) Wvt iZ‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ eY©bv Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (N) Wvt iZ‡bi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cÖhyw3wU wkÿv, M‡elYv I e ̈emv evwY‡R ̈ e ̈eüZ nq-eY©bv Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K †iv‡evwU· n‡jv †UK‡bvjwRi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b †ive‡Ui MVb, bKkv I •ewkó ̈ wb‡q KvR Kiv nq|