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BAR Q ci A POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2025 Edition CARLO L. CRUZ Examiner Political Law and Public International Law 2018 Bar Examinations UST-REG

correspond. He presents here as well acceptable answers, or those which differ from his, in acknowledgment of the reality that all lawyers, and all students, may have varying pers- pectives on legal issues. He has as well in them made references to pertinent cases, and supplemented them, whenever appropriate, with notes which may help the reader in his better understanding of the precepts relevant to the questions. The writer did this work with his students foremost in his mind, and in his heart, as he worked. It is hoped that they would find this collection of Po- litical Law and Public International Law bar examination questions and answers helpful, not only in preparing them for their test on these subjects, but also in providing them with the requisite clarity of thought, calm hearts and greater confidence as they take it. Bar examinations are always difficult. But with discipline and diligence and sheer hard work and, yes, prayer, they can be overcome. The writer’s students have heard him say this many times, usually when he adjourns his lectures, and after he shares with them his final words expressing his wish for their success. He now ends this note with these words and wish for all who may get to spend a few moments of their time with this collection. Bring it on. CARLO L. CRUZ August 11, 2020 iv UST-REG
PREFACE to the SECOND EDITION From and with his whole heart, the author dedicates this edition to all of the bar examinees who took the 2020- 2021 Bar Examinations, so they may all somehow have a memento, though modest and meager, of their ordeal and, hopefully, also of their victory. For good and understandable reasons, theirs can be claimed, without contradiction, to be by far the most difficult of all bar examinations. This is so not necessarily in terms of the questions that were asked, which were all good and fair and reasonable, but more because of the countless protocols commanded by this continuing pandemic, and also because of the many innovations, technical and otherwise, which, though seen as both most challenging and limiting, were nonetheless most welcome. They all needed to contend with all of these additional factors which were never dealt with by all previous bar exa- minees and which, again hopefully, need not or may not be faced by future bar examinees. Indeed, they all deserve both loud and long applause for their devotion to their goal of becoming lawyers, and their meticulous dedication to all that was needed or required to enable them to take that final step, in their case, a last leap, toward their fulfillment of their common dream. The author adds here, or to this second edition, only his answers to the twelve questions asked in Political Law and Public International Law, and a few revisions or re- wordings of his answers in the earlier, the first edition. It is hoped that all of these revisions would be helpful to all who may get to read them. UST-REG