Tiêu đề NMAT - Physics.pdf ✅

PHYSICS LECTURE NOTES FOR NMAT 1 Physics is the science of matter and its motion—the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge. Table 1 BRANCHES OF PHYSICS CLASSICAL PHYSICS MECHANICS It deals with motion, force, work, energy and fluids HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS It deals with the effects of heat when added or removed from a system, the methods of heat transfer, and the transformation of heat energy to mechanical energy or work and vice-versa. OPTICS It deals with the study of light and its properties. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM It deals with phenomena associated with electrical charges (whether static or moving), magnetism, and the relationship with between electricity and magnetism WAVE MOTION AND SOUND It deals with properties, transmission, and perception of different types of waves. MODERN PHYSICS GENERAL RELATIVITY It tells how matter curves space-time and how the curvature of space-time dictates the trajectory of matter and light. SPECIAL RELATIVITY It deals with phenomena associated when an object moves with speeds approaching the speed of light in vacuum NUCLEAR PHYSICS It deals with the properties of and the reactions within the atomic nucleus. QUANTUM MECHANICS It deals with the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic levels. PARTICLE PHYSICS It deals with the building blocks of matter called elementary particles LESSON 1: Essential Concepts in Physics Definitions, Branches, Accuracy & Precision and Measurement GERMAN D.M. VERTUDEZ LET/NMAT/CETR CEVAS INSTRUCTOR
PHYSICS LECTURE NOTES FOR NMAT 2 Measurement is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind. Two systems are: the METRIC (or the mks and cgs system) and the ENGLISH (or the fps system). Physical quantities may either be fundamental or derived. a. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY - are all those units which are independent of any other unit (including themselves) b. DERIVED QUANTITY - all those units which are obtained by multiplying and/or dividing one or more fundamental units with or without introducing any other numerical factor. ACCURACY AND PRECISION When taking scientific measurements, it is important to be both accurate and precise. Accuracy represents how close a measurement comes to its true value. This is important because bad equipment, poor data processing or human error can lead to inaccurate results that are not very close to the truth. Precision is how close a series of measurements of the same thing are to each other. Accuracy is achieved if rules of significant figures are followed. As the number of significant figures increases, the more certain the measurement. As precision of a measurement increases, so does the number of significant figures. ... Notice that the number of significant digits increase as the measured value gets more precise and the range of uncertainty gets smaller. Fig 4. Accuracy versus Precision GERMAN D.M. VERTUDEZ LET/NMAT/CETR CEVAS INSTRUCTOR
PHYSICS LECTURE NOTES FOR NMAT 3 A. KINEMATICS Motion, on the other hand, is the action of changing location or position. Position in refers to the location of an object with respect to a frame of reference. A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can be used to determine positions and velocities of objects in that frame; different frames of reference move relative to one another. In simpler definition, it is a perspective that one uses to determine if an object is moving which consists of an object or environment that is considered to be stationary. Take these examples: 1. When you see a ball roll down a street, you can tell the ball is moving because the frame of reference is the streets, whatever may be on the side of the roads, or the Earth. All of these are frames of reference. All measurements of motion will be compared to a frame of reference. 2. For the children on the bus, if they use other children riding the bus as their frame of reference, they do not appear to be moving. The study of motion can be divided into: 1. Kinematics – it describes the motion in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration. 2. Dynamics – it relates forces force and motion Translation is the term used in Physics for motion in a straight line that is commonly described by three quantities: displacement, velocity and acceleration. A. DISTANCE VERSUS DISPLACEMENT - Distance is how far away something has travelled from another object, while displacement is how far something is from the other object. Displacement is a vector quantity; distance is a scalar quantity. SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. Starting from San Jose Church, a procession has to take the following routes: 50m, North, 40m East, and 60m North. To go back, it has to follow the same routes but in opposite direction. a. What is the total distance covered? ANSWER: 50m + 40m + 60m + 60m + 40m + 50m = 300m b. What is the total displacement? ANSWER: The displacement is zero because the procession when back to where it started. LESSON 2: Computations on Physics Kinematics, Free Fall, Projectile Motion, Laws of Motion, Trigonometric Functions GERMAN D.M. VERTUDEZ LET/NMAT/CETR CEVAS INSTRUCTOR