Tiêu đề Developmental Psychology Notes.pdf ✅

3 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this examination may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the lecturer or the review center. II. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Design Design Characteristic Advantage Disadvantage Case Study In-depth study of single individual -provides detailed picture of one person. -can generate hypothesis -may not generalize to others. -conclusions not directly testable -cannot establish cause & effect Ethno- graphic study In-depth study of a culture or subculture. -can help overcome culturally based biases in theory and research. -can test universality of developmental phenomena Subject to observer bias Correla- tional study Attempt to find positive or negative relationship between variables. -enables prediction of one variable on basis of another -can suggest hypotheses about causal relationships. Cannot establish cause and effect. Experiment Controlled procedure conducted in a laboratory or the field in which an independent variable is manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable. -establishes cause-and-effect relationship - is highly controlled and can be repeated by another investigator. Findings, especially when derived from laboratory experiments, may not generalize to situations outside the laboratory. Cross- sectional Data are collected on -can show similarities and - Cannot establish age effects - masks individual differences people of different ages at the same time. differences among age groups. -speedy. -economical - presents no problem of attrition or repeated testing. - can be confounded by cohort effects Longitu- dinal Data are collected on same person or persons over a period of time. -can show age- related change or continuity; -avoids confounding age with cohort effects. -is time-consuming, expensive; -presents problems of attrition -bias in sample, and effects of repeated testing; -results may be valid only for cohort tested or sample studied Sequen- tial Data are collected on successive crosssectio nal or longitudinal samples. -can avoid drawbacks of both cross- sectional and longitudinal designs. -Requires large amount of time and effort and analysis of very complex data. Ethics of Research Excerpt from the American Psychological Association’s Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct A. Rights and Dignity of Participants 1. In all aspects, we respect the rights, safeguard the dignity, and protect and promote the welfare of research participants. 2. Before beginning any research work in a community not our own or not familiar to us, we obtain essential information about their mores, culture, social structure, customs, and traditions. 3. We respect and abide by their cultural expectations, provided that this does not contravene any of the ethical principles of this Code of Ethics. 4. We respect the rights of research participants should they wish to discontinue their participation at any time. We are responsive all throughout the research to participants’ non-verbal indications of a desire to withdraw from participation, especially if the person has difficulty with verbal communication, is a young child, or is culturally unlikely to communicate. 5. We do not contribute nor engage in research which contravenes international humanitarian law, such as development of methods intended to torture persons, development of prohibited weapons, or destruction of the environment.