Tiêu đề ĐỀ 1.docx ✅

Read the text. Match the headings to the paragraphs. The answer to question 0 is an example. There is one heading that you will not use. A. Co-evolution of Parrots and Plants B. Current Distribution and Adaptations of Australian Parrots C. Historical References to Parrots in Australia D. Adaptations to Australia’s Changing Environment E. Diversity of Australian Parrots F. Impact of Human Activity on Parrot Populations G. Origin and Evolution of Parrots H. Efforts and Challenges in Conserving Parrot Species I. Challenges Faced by Parrots Due to Human Interference Australian parrots and their adaptation to habitat change 1. Parrots are found across the tropic and in all southern hemisphere continents except Antarctica, but nowhere do the display such a richness of diversity and form as in Australia. One- sixth of the world's 345 parrot species are found there, and Australia has long been renowned for the number and variety of its parrots. 2. In the 16th century, the German cartographer Mercator made a world map that included a place, somewhere near present-day Australia, that he named Terra Psittacorum - the Land of Parrots - and the first European settlers in Australia often referred to the country as Parrot Land. In 1865, the celebrated British naturalist and wildlife artist John Gould said: "No group of birds gives Australia so tropical and benign an air as the numerous species of this great family by which it is tenanted. 3. Parrots are descendants of an ancient line. Due to their great diversity, and since most species inhabit Africa, Australia and South America, it seems almost certain that parrots originated millions of years ago on the ancient southern continent of Gondwana, before it broke up into the separate southern hemisphere continents we know today. Much of Gondwana comprised vast rainforests intersected by huge slow- flowing rivers and expansive lakes, but by eight million years ago, great changes were
underway. The center of the continent of Australia had begun to dry out, and the rainforests that once covered it gradually contracted to the continental margins, where, to a limited extent, they still exist today. 4. The creatures that remained in those shrinking rainforests had to adapt to the drier conditions or face extinction. Reacting to these desperate circumstances, the parrot family, typically found in jungles in other parts of the world, has populated some of Australia's harshest environments. The parrots spread from ancestral forests through eucalypt woodlands to colonies the central deserts of Australia, and as a consequence they diversified into a wide range of species with adaptations that reflect the many changes animals and plants had to make to survive in these areas. 5. Differently shaped beaks are not the only adaptations that have been made during the developing relationship between parrots and their food plants. Like all of Australia's many honey eating birds, the rainbow-coloured lorikeets and the flowers on which they feed have long coevolved with features such as the shape and colour of the flowers adapted to the bird's particular needs, and physical a example, red is the most I attractive colour to birds, and thus flowers which depend on birds for pollination are more often red, and lorikeets' to guess have bristles which help them to collect as much pollen as possible. 6. Today, most of Australia's parrots inhabit woodland and open forest, and their numbers decline towards both deserts and wetter areas. The majority are nomadic to some degree, moving around to take advantage of feeding and breeding places. Two of the dry country parrots, the pink and grey galah and the pink, white and yellow corella have expanded their ranges in recent years. They are among the species that have adapted well to the changes brought about by European settlement forest telling created grasslands where galahs and corellas thrive. 7. New conditions also sometimes favor an incoming species over one that originally inhabited the area. For example, after farmers cleared large areas of forest on Kangaroo Island off the coast of South Australia, the island was colonized by galahs. They were soon going down holes and destroying black cockatoo eggs in order to take
the hole for their own use. Their success precipitated a partial collapse in the black cockatoo population when the later lost the struggle for scarce nesting hollows. 8. There may be no final answer to ensuring an equitable balance between parrot species. Nest box programmers help ease the shortage of nesting sites in some places, but there are not enough, they are expensive, and they are not an adequate substitute by large, old trees, such as the habitat they represent and nectar, pollen and seeds they provide. Competition between parrots for nest sites is a result of the changes we humans have made to the Earth. We are the most widespread and dangerous competitors that parrots have ever had to face, but we also have the knowledge and skill to maintain the wonderfully rich diversity of Australia's parrots. All we need is the wild to do so.
Answer: 1. E. Diversity of Australian Parrots o Lý do: Đoạn văn này mô tả sự phong phú và đa dạng của các loài vẹt ở Australia, nhấn mạnh rằng Australia là nơi có sự đa dạng lớn nhất về các loài vẹt. o Trích dẫn: “Parrots are found across the tropic and in all southern hemisphere continents except Antarctica, but nowhere do they display such a richness of diversity and form as in Australia. One-sixth of the world's 345 parrot species are found there…” 2. C. Historical References to Parrots in Australia o Lý do: Đoạn văn này đề cập đến các tài liệu lịch sử và các tên gọi lịch sử liên quan đến vẹt ở Australia, bao gồm bản đồ của Mercator và nhận xét của John Gould. o Trích dẫn: “In the 16th century, the German cartographer Mercator made a world map that included a place, somewhere near present-day Australia, that he named Terra Psittacorum - the Land of Parrots…” 3. G. Origin and Evolution of Parrots o Lý do: Đoạn văn này giải thích nguồn gốc và quá trình tiến hóa của vẹt từ lục địa Gondwana cổ đại và sự thay đổi môi trường dẫn đến sự phân bố hiện tại. o Trích dẫn: “Parrots are descendants of an ancient line. Due to their great diversity, and since most species inhabit Africa, Australia and South America, it seems almost certain that parrots originated millions of years ago on the ancient southern continent of Gondwana…” 4. D. Adaptations to Australia’s Changing Environment o Lý do: Đoạn văn này mô tả cách các loài vẹt đã thích nghi với sự thay đổi của môi trường ở Australia, bao gồm việc di cư từ rừng mưa đến các môi trường khắc nghiệt hơn. o Trích dẫn: “The creatures that remained in those shrinking rainforests had to adapt to the drier conditions or face extinction. Reacting to these desperate circumstances, the parrot family… has populated some of Australia's harshest environments…” 5. A. Co-evolution of Parrots and Plants