Tiêu đề 48 N. Gregory Mankiw - Principles of Economics.pdf ✅

The study of economics is guided by a few big ideas. Economists view the world as both scientists and policymakers. The theory of comparative advantage explains how people benefit from economic interdependence. Introduction 1 Ten Principles of Economics 2 Thinking Like an Economist 3 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade Firm Behavior and the Organization of Industry 14 The Costs of Production 15 Firms in Competitive Markets 16 Monopoly 17 Monopolistic Competition 18 Oligopoly The theory of the firm sheds light on the decisions that lie behind supply in competitive markets. Firms with market power can cause market outcomes to be inefficient. How Markets Work 4 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 5 Elasticity and Its Application 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies How does the economy coordinate interdependent economic actors? Through the market forces of supply and demand. The tools of supply and demand are put to work to examine the effects of various government policies. Markets and Welfare 7 Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation 9 Application: International Trade Why is the equilibrium of supply and demand desirable for society as a whole? The concepts of consumer and producer surplus explain the efficiency of markets, the costs of taxation, and the benefits of international trade. The Economics of the Public Sector 10 Externalities 11 Public Goods and Common Resources 12 The Economics of Healthcare 13 The Design of the Tax System Market outcomes are not always efficient, and governments can sometimes remedy market failure. To fund programs, governments raise revenue through their tax systems, which are designed with an eye toward balancing efficiency and equity. Principles of Economics: a Guided Tour 9780357722718_Endsheet_2_3.indd 1 09/09/22 12:08:46 PM
Money and Prices in the Long Run 30 The Monetary System 31 Money Growth and Inflation The monetary system is crucial in determining the long-run behavior of the price level, the inflation rate, and other nominal variables. The Real Economy in the Long Run 26 Production and Growth 27 Saving, Investment, and the Financial System 28 The Basic Tools of Finance 29 Unemployment These chapters describe the forces that in the long run determine key real variables, including GDP growth, saving, investment, real interest rates, and unemployment. The overall quantity of production and the overall price level are used to monitor developments in the economy as a whole. The Data of Macroeconomics 24 Measuring a Nation’s Income 25 Measuring the Cost of Living The Macroeconomics of Open Economies 32 Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts 33 A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy A nation’s economic interactions with other nations are described by its trade balance, net foreign investment, and exchange rate. A long-run model of the open economy explains the determinants of the trade balance, the real exchange rate, and other real vari- ables. The Economics of Labor Markets 19 The Markets for the Factors of Production 20 Earnings and Discrimination 21 Income Inequality and Poverty These chapters examine the special features of labor markets, in which most people earn most of their income. Topics for Further Study 22 The Theory of Consumer Choice 23 Frontiers of Microeconomics Additional topics in microeconomics include household decision making, asymmetric information, political economy, and behavioral economics. Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 34 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 35 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 36 The Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment The model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply explains short-run economic fluctuations, the short-run effects of monetary and fiscal policy, and the short-run linkage between real and nominal variables. Final Thoughts 37 Six Debates over Macroeconomic Policy 38 Appendix: How Economists Use Data A capstone chapter presents both sides of six major debates over economic policy. The analysis of data to test theories and estimate parameters is central to the science of economics. 9780357722718_Endsheet_2_3.indd 2 09/09/22 12:08:46 PM
Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo Good Economics for Hard Times (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019) Two prominent economists—winners of the Nobel prize in 2019—offer their ideas about how to build a better world. Yoram Bauman and Grady Klein The Cartoon Introduction to Economics (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010) Basic economic principles, with humor. Bryan Caplan The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008) An economist asks why elected leaders often fail to follow the policies that economists recommend. Kimberly Clausing Open: The Progressive Case for Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019) An economist explains why Americans benefit from interacting with the rest of the world. Avinash K. Dixit and Barry J. Nalebuff The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist’s Guide to Success in Business and Life (New York: Norton, 2008) This introduction to game theory discusses how all people— from arrested criminals to corporate executives—should, and do, make strategic decisions. Mihir Desai The Wisdom of Finance: Discovering Humanity in the World of Risk and Return (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017) A charming look at how the insights of finance inform our lives. William Easterly The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor (New York: Basic Books, 2013) A former World Bank economist examines the many attempts to help the world’s poorest nations and why these attempts have often failed. Milton Friedman Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962) One of the most important economists of the 20th century argues that society should rely less on the government and more on the free market. Robert L. Heilbroner The Worldly Philosophers (New York: Touchstone, 1953, revised 1999) A classic introduction to the lives, times, and ideas of the great economic thinkers, including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Maynard Keynes. Steven E. Landsburg The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life (New York: Free Press, 2012) Why does popcorn cost so much at movie theaters? Steven Landsburg discusses this and other puzzles of economic life. Suggestions for Summer Reading If you enjoyed the economics course that you just finished, you might like to read more about economic issues in the following books. 9780357722718_Endsheet_6_7.indd 1 09/09/22 12:09:32 PM