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ETHICS, INTEGRITY AND APTITUDE PRAHAAR SUMMARY MAINS WALLAH Final Hit To CSE Mains 2025
CONTENTS 1. Ethics and Human Interface..................................................................................... 3 2. Attitude..................................................................................................................11 3. Aptitude .................................................................................................................16 4. Foundational Values for Civil Services .................................................................... 17 5. Emotional Intelligence ............................................................................................ 23 6. Moral Thinkers and Philosophers of the World........................................................ 25 7. Ethics in Public Administration .............................................................................. 30 8. Probity in Governance ............................................................................................ 36 9. Current Affairs from Ethical Point of View .............................................................. 41 10. How To Approach Case Studies .............................................................................. 45
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude 3 ETHICS, INTEGRITY AND APTITUDE 1. ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE Introduction Ê Ethics studies moral principles that distinguish good from bad conduct. Ê It defines obligations toward self and others, aiming for both individual and societal good. Ê Ethics reflects in one’s character and habitual behaviour. Ê It is also called the science of character and conduct. Origin of Ethics Ê Derived from Greek ethos and Latin mores meaning custom or behaviour. Ê Mackenzie: Ethics is the study of right/good conduct or the ideal of human life. Ê Potter Stewart (UPSC 2022): Ethics is the difference between having the right to do something and doing what is right. Importance of Ethics Ê Ensures both personal good + social good (e.g., water- saving farming benefits farmer + community). Ê Aims at achieving the “Summum Bonum” = highest human good. Ê Acts as a moral compass in complex situations. Ê Helps resolve moral dilemmas by clarifying issues. Ê Reduces bias and prejudice by applying ethical reasoning. Ê Supports inclusive and just decision-making for self and society.. Evaluation of Ethics Ethical evaluation involves respecting rights and minimising harm. Key criteria include: Ê Consistency: Apply principles uniformly (e.g., lying is wrong regardless of who lies). Ê Universality: Moral acts must be justifiable if everyone does them (Kantian view—cheating collapses exam value). Ê Consequences: Judge actions by outcomes (e.g., redistributive policies lifting masses out of poverty). Ê Intentions: Motive matters (charity for empathy vs. fame). Ê Respect for Autonomy: Uphold dignity (e.g., informed medical consent vs. forced treatment). Scope of Ethics Ê Ethics deals with free human acts—voluntary, conscious, and goal-oriented actions (e.g., slapping), not involuntary ones (e.g., sleeping). Ê It covers moral issues across politics, society, culture, psychology, economy, environment, and religion. Ê Scope is expanding with AI, social media, gene editing, and OTT regulation, raising new ethical challenges. Nature of Ethics Ê Universal: Ethical principles guide behaviour in all life spheres. Ê Evolved Socially: Ethics emerged from human memory and social interaction. Ê Culturally Relative: Ethical standards vary (e.g., surrogacy). Ê Value-Oriented: Focuses on what should be, not just what is. Ê Guides, Not Prescribes: Ethics justifies moral actions, doesn’t dictate them. Ê Science of Values: Analyzes moral behaviour systematically. Dimensions of ethics Examples of Applied Ethics Bioethics Ê Examines ethical concerns in medicine and biology. Ê Covers abortion, euthanasia, surrogacy, organ donation, and religious refusal of care. Ê Expanding to gene therapy, cloning, astro-ethics, and life-extension. Business Ethics Ê Focuses on responsible practices in governance, bribery, discrimination, and corporate duties. Ê Example: Firms like Namo E-waste promote ethical e-waste disposal. Ê Ethical concerns in supply chains, such as child labor or unfair wages in developing countries. Environmental Ethics Ê Deals with moral duties toward nature. Ê Supports sustainable choices (e.g., eco-friendly clothing over fast fashion). Ê Rights of nature movement, granting legal person status to rivers or forests (e.g., Ganga and Yamuna rivers declared as legal persons by Uttarakhand HC). International Ethics Ê Applies ethics to global issues like: Refugee rejection (human rights violation) Cyberwarfare (sovereignty breach) Climate inaction (harms vulnerable nations) Nuclear arms spread (security threat) Debt traps (predatory lending) Media Ethics Ê Concerns ethical practices in gathering and presenting news.