Tiêu đề REF - HANDOUTS - RESEARCH (Ms. Rojas) ✅

RESEARCH JAIDEE R. ROJAS, RN TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY. Nursing Research -is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence related to nursing GOAL: ENHANCE CLIENT CARE OUTCOME: EVIDENCE BASED- PRACTICE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE/ NURSING KNOWLEDGE 1. Tradition 2. Authority 3. Clinical Experience 4. Trial and Error 5. Intuition 6. Logical reasoning 7. Disciplined research PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH BASIC APPLIED • Desire to expand knowledge • Curiosity driven • May not necessarily lead to an invention or solution to a problem • Higher level than basic research • Finds solution to problems RESEARCH ETHICS -Protection of research subjects -Priority in research is SAFETY NUREMBERG CODE First code; Informed consent is required DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - Vulnerable population should receive special protection RESEARCH ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 1. Beneficence and Non-maleficence Right: Freedom from harm 2. Justice Fairness; Equal risks and benefits 3. Autonomy Voluntary decision 4. Veracity Complete information Right: Full disclosure 5. Confidentiality -Data not revealed -Right: Privacy *Anonimity- data is not linked to person; identifying information removed INFORMED CONSENT -Decision to accept or decline participation to research - Protects right to self-determination ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT • Voluntary • Informed, fully understood • Competent (of legal age, coherent, not in the influence of substance) • Signature (subject and witness) *WITNESS: ENSURE VALIDITY OF SIGNATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Positivism (logical) Naturalistic (constructivist) Inquirer is independent from those being researched Inquirer interacts with those being researched Objective Subjective Empirical; use of 5 senses Human experience Logical, planned Flexible Numeric values (numbers, statistics) Narrative description (words) Deductive (general to specific) Inductive (specific to general)
1. Systematic- follows step by step procedure 2. Control- all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant to minimize bias CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION RESEARCH PROBLEM CURIOSITY AND INTEREST OF THE RESEARCHER SOURCES: Clinical experience Literature (previous studies) Issues (social) External sources Nursing Theory SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY • AIM OF THE STUDY GOAL: GENERAL OBJECTIVE: SPECIFIC SHOULD BE: SPECIFIC, MEASURABLE, ATTAINABLE, REALISTIC, TIME BOUND RESEARCH QUESTION Population Independent variable Relationship Dependent variable CLINICAL QUESTION POPULATION INTERVENTION COMPARISON OUTCOME DEFINITION OF TERMS OPERATIONAL- HOW THE TERM IS USED IN THE STUDY CONCEPTUAL- UNIVERSAL MEANING HYPOTHESIS PREDICTED RELATIONSHIP OF VARIABLES DIRECTIONAL Increase/ decrease; more/ less NON-DIRECTIONAL Associated with; related to SIMPLE Reflects relationship between two variables COMPLEX Reflects relationship between more than two variables CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW OF WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC CHARACTERISTICS: COMPREHENSIVE UP TO DATE PARAPHRASED BALANCED (NO BIAS) TYPES OF DATA PRIMARY: ORIGINAL STUDY (THESIS, JOURNAL) SECONDARY: REPORTS SYNTHESIZING/ BASED ON PRIMARY STUDY (BOOK, PUBLISHED STUDIES) CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS 1. BIAS- Conceptual First and most important step: identify a problem Design and planning Select research and sampling design Empirical Collection of data; most time consuming part Analytical Data analysis Disseminating Utilize findings in practice
2. VALIDITY 1. INTERNAL- Less bias and confounding variable (Blinding and randomization) 2. EXTERNAL- How generalizable the findings are 3. RELIABILITY 4. BLINDING SINGLE BLIND DOUBLE BLIND TYPES OF BIAS Recall bias Selection bias Observation bias (hawthorne effect) Confirmation bias THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY 1. Selection bias 2. Maturation 3. Instrumentation change RESEARCH DESIGN -Said to be the architectural backbone of the study -overall plan for obtaining answers -tend to be highly structured and controlled QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN • In depth study of phenomena • Data collected is narrative; no statistics involved • Data collection is interview (semi- structured) • Researcher is involved with the participant 1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Lived experiences of a person • Ends with data saturation • Data collection is interview 2. ETHNOGRAPHICAL Studies culture or tribe Language, beliefs, tradition, artifacts Data collection: immersion 3. GROUNDED THEORY Social and psychological stages about a particular event Strive to generate an explanation 4. CASE STUDY Generates in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. 5. HISTORICAL Explore and explain the meanings and phenomenon at a particular point of time in the past. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL: There is manipulation (administration of independent variable) NON-EXPERIMENTAL: There is no manipulation EXPERIMENTAL- Strongest design Three elements: Manipulation Randomization Control NON- EXPERIMENTAL A. Descriptive (observational research) B. Descriptive correlational C. Descriptive comparative Prospective approach: Longitudinal data collection Retrospective approach: Cross sectional data collection IDENTIFYING SAMPLE AND POPULATION Element: The basic unit that represents whatever is being sampled and from which survey data are to be gathered Sample: Specific group that the researcher will collect data from TRUE QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL PRE- EXPERIMENTAL ✓ Manipulation ✓ Manipulation ✓ Manipulation ✓ Randomization Lacks either control or randomization Lacks both controlled and randomization ✓ Controlled