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Nội dung text PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY - REVISION

FINAL EXAMINATION REVISION TOPIC: PHONETICS – PHONOLOGY A. THE ORGANS OF SPEECH: I – DEFINITION: - Organs of speech (Articulators): the organs used to articulate sounds 1 II – INFORMATION: 1 Lips (upper & lower) Making sounds by + Being pressed together (/b/, /p/); + Brought into contact with the teeth (/f/, /v/); + Rounded to produce the lip-shaped vowels; + … 2 Teeth In contact with the upper side teeth for most speech sounds such as /θ/, /ð/ (dental sounds) 3 Alveolar ridge Behind the front teeth, sounds made with the tongue touching here (alveolar sounds such as /t/, /d/, /n/,…) 4 Hard palate Make the palatal sounds by interacting with the tongue (/j/) 5 Soft palate Allow air to pass through the nose and through the mouth, can be touched by tongue. 6 Uvula (Less care) 1 The picture is retrieved from Ms. Truong Thi Thanh Hoa’s preparation slides.
7 Tip of tongue The crucial articulator, participating in making sounds by interacting with velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge 8 Blade of tongue 9 Front of tongue 10 Back of tongue 11 Nasal cavity 12 Oral cavity 13 Pharynx 14 Larynk B. VOWELS & CONSONANTS: I – VOWELS: 1. Definition: sounds that are pronounced without obstacles 2. Classification qualities: (“Tongue” and “lips” are included) - Tongue height: the vertical distance between the tongue and the hard palate E.g. close → close-mid → open-mid → open; high → high-mid → low-mid → low - Tongue backness: the part of the tongue which is raised highest E.g. Front → Central → Back  Push forward → No → Pull back (Withdraw) - Lip rounding: whether the corners of the lips are brought towards each other (the more “back” the vowels are, the more rounded the lips are) E.g. rounded – unrounded Short vowels (Lax) /ɪ/ - Tongue height: close - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /e/ - Tongue height: mid - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /æ/ - Tongue height: open - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /ʌ/ - Tongue height: open-mid - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: neutral /ɒ/ - Tongue height: between open & open-mid - Tongue backness: back - Lip rounding: rounded /ʊ/ - Tongue height: close-mid - Tongue backness: central
- Lip rounding: rounded Long vowels (Tense) /i:/ - Tongue height: close - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /ɜ:/ - Tongue height: mid - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: neutral /a:/ - Tongue height: open - Tongue backness: back - Lip rounding: rounded /ɔ:/ - Tongue height: close-mid - Tongue backness: back - Lip rounding: rounded /u:/ - Tongue height: close - Tongue backness: back - Lip rounding: rounded “Schwa” sound /ə/ (shorter than a lax) - Tongue height: mid - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: neutral Diphthongs Centering /ə/ /ɪə/ - Tongue height: close - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /eə/ - Tongue height: open-mid - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /ʊə/ - Tongue height: close-mid - Tongue backness: not fully back - Lip rounding: rounded Closin g /ɪ/ /eɪ/ - Tongue height: mid - Tongue backness: front - Lip rounding: unrounded /aɪ/ - Tongue height: open - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: unrounded /ɔɪ/ - Tongue height: open-mid - Tongue backness: back - Lip rounding: rounded /ʊ/ /aʊ/ - Tongue height: open - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: slightly rounded /əʊ/ - Tongue height: mid - Tongue backness: central - Lip rounding: rounded Triphthongs /aʊə/
(not showed in the chart) [closing dipthongs + /ə/] /aɪə/ /eɪə/ /əʊə/ /ɔɪə/ 3. Vowel chart: Exercise 1: Write the qualities of these following vowels using the vowel chart 1) /ɔɪ/ 2) /æ/ 3) /aʊ/ 4) /ɔ:/ 5) /i:/ II – CONSONANTS: 1. Definition: sounds produced with levels of obstruction 2. Classification qualities: - Voicing (audible quality of the sounds): the chances whether we can feel the vibration of the vocal folds or not. + Speech sounds are made by modifying an airstream. + There are many points and several ways at which that stream of air can be modified. + Different positions of the vocal folds make different states of the glottis

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