Tiêu đề 2 Cardiology LMV 5.1.pdf ✅

1 | P a g e [ C a r d i o l o g y ] © Copyright www.plab1keys.com (Constantly updated for online subscribers) Copyrights @ Plab1Keys.com Cardiology Version 5.1 Corrected, Updated, Lighter PLAB 1 Keys is for PLAB-1 and UKMLA-AKT (Based on the New MLA Content-Map) With the Most Recent Recalls and the UK Guidelines ATTENTION: This file will be updated online on our website frequently! (example: Version 2.2 is more recent than Version 2.1, and so on) Key 1 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Plab1keys.com Strict Copyrights! No Sharing or Copying Allowed by any means Compensations and Penalties Worldwide System is Active
2 | P a g e [ C a r d i o l o g y ] © Copyright www.plab1keys.com (Constantly updated for online subscribers) Copyrights @ Plab1Keys.com ◙ Acute Coronary Syndrome includes: √ ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). √ Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). √ Unstable angina. ◙ Symptoms and signs The classic and most common feature of ACS is chest pain.
3 | P a g e [ C a r d i o l o g y ] © Copyright www.plab1keys.com (Constantly updated for online subscribers) Copyrights @ Plab1Keys.com √ Typically, central/left-sided/ substernal/ epigastric. √ May radiate to the jaw, the left arm, the shoulder. √ Often described as ‘heavy’ or constricting, ‘like an elephant on my chest’ - It should be noted however in real clinical practice that patients present with a wide variety of types of chest pain and patients/doctors may confuse ischaemic pain for other causes such as dyspepsia. - Certain patients e.g. diabetics/elderly may not experience any chest pain → Silent MI ◙ Other possible symptoms in ACS include: Dyspnoea ▐ sweating ▐ nausea and vomiting ▐ may appear pale and clammy ◙ Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart Disease: Unmodifiable risk factors Modifiable risk factors Increasing age Male gender Family history Smoking Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Hypercholesterolaemia Obesity
4 | P a g e [ C a r d i o l o g y ] © Copyright www.plab1keys.com (Constantly updated for online subscribers) Copyrights @ Plab1Keys.com ◙ Investigations √ ECG √ cardiac markers e.g. troponin ECG in ST-elevation MI → elevated ST segment in certain leads gives a clue about the site and type of the STEMI as follows: