Tiêu đề KEY - R12 NP4.docx ✅

6. After formulating the hypothesis and choosing her research design, Rianna plans her data gathering tool. Which of the instruments would yield the MOST ACCURATE data about the competency at entry of the staff nurses? A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superior nurses. B. Interview the director of nursing C. Questioners to be filled up by the nurse managers D. Existing data from transcript of records Answer is A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superiors. 7. Rianna plans to interview the training director about the staff nurses’ performances. What type of sampling would she use if she includes those who happen to be in the training room where the activity is scheduled to be conducted? A. Quota B. Random C. Purpose D. Convenience Answer is D. Convenience. D: AKA accidental sample; entails using the most conveniently available people as study participants. A faculty member who distributes questionnaires to nursing students in a class is using a convenience sample. C: AKA judgmental sampling is based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members. B: involves a selection process in which each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected. A: the researcher identifies population strata and determines how many participants are needed from each stratum. 8. Nurse Rianna is certain that several of the staff nurses who specialize in research settings tend to respond psychologically to the condition of the study. This is referred to as: A. Instrumentation error B. Hawthorne effect C. Halo effect D. Selection effect Answer is B. Hawthorne effect. The staff nurses who know they are included in the study may have bent/ tweaked their normal psychological response to satisfy the condition of the study. D: the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. C: the tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics. For example, if we formed a positive general impression of a person, we would probably be likely to rate that person as intelligent, loyal, and dependable simply because these traits are positively valued. B: Knowledge of being included in the study appears to have affected people’s behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the variable of interest. A: Bias reflects changes in measuring instruments or methods of measurement between two points of data collection. For example, if we used one measure of stress at baseline and a revised measure at follow-up, any differences might reflect changes in the measuring tool rather than the effect of an independent variable 9. The right of the subject to beneficence is demonstrated by Rianna when she does which of the following? A. Keeps in confidence all information she gathered from the subject B. Assure subjects that their participation will not be used against them C. Secure informed consent of the subjects D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared Answer is D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared. Beneficence involves the protection of participants from physical and psychological harm, the protection of participants from exploitation, and the performance of some good (Polit & Beck). A: right to confidentiality C: Informed consent procedures, which provide prospective participants with information needed