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WORLD HISTORY PRAHAAR SUMMARY MAINS WALLAH Final Hit To CSE Mains 2025

1. KEY CONCEPTS Feudalism Feudalism, from the Latin feodum (‘land granted for service’), was a socio-political and economic system in medieval Europe (7th–14th centuries). It was based on a hierarchy where lords granted land to vassals in return for loyalty and military service. Features of Feudalism Ê Decentralized Power: Lords held local control. Ê Land-Based Authority: Power came from land ownership (fiefs). Ê Rigid Hierarchy: From King > Nobles(lords) >Vassals > Knights > Serfs(peasants). Ê Mutual Obligations: Lords protected vassals; vassals provided military service. Ê Manorial Economy: Self-sufficient estates. Ê Hereditary Rule: Positions passed down generations. Causes of Feudalism Collapse of Central Authority → Local rulers gained power Need for Protection → Reliance on Local Defenders Land as Wealth → Land Becomes Main Source of Control Tribal Customs → Shaped Feudal Structure Church’s Role → Support for Feudalism Role of Agriculture and the Manorial System Ê Self-Sufficient Manors: Each manor produced essentials locally with minimal external trade. Ê Serfdom: Serfs worked the lord’s land for protection and small plots. Ê Agricultural Stagnation: Innovation was discouraged; focus remained on stability. Impact of Feudalism Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Ensured socio-political stability in medieval Europe. Deepened social and economic inequalities. Promoted ideals of honour and loyalty through chivalry. Restricted social mobility for lower classes. Preserved knowledge via monastic schools and guilds. Exploited peasants through serfdom and forced labour. Fostered a sense of community and belonging. Hindered democratic evolution due to elite power concentration. WORLD HISTORY Decline of Feudalism – Key Reasons Ê Rise of Trade: Growth of towns and a merchant class reduced dependence on feudal lords. Ê Monetary Economy: Use of money allowed kings to build standing armies. Ê Centralized Monarchies: Strong kings enforced uniform laws. Ê Black Death(1347–1351): Labor shortages empowered peasants to leave manors. Ê Peasant Revolts: Popular uprisings challenged feudal norms. Hence, Feudalism provided order but hindered progress; its fall enabled capitalism and centralized states. Socialism It is a political-economic ideology advocating public or collective ownership of the means of production to ensure social welfare and reduce inequality. Emergence Ê Wealth Disparity: The Industrial Revolution created extreme inequality. Ê Anti-Liberalism Stance: Socialism opposed capitalist focus on individual gain over collective welfare. Ê Working-Class Poverty: The Industrial era saw mass poverty and exploitation of labor. Types of Socialism Ê Democratic Socialism: Combines democracy with social ownership (e.g., Bernie Sanders). Ê Revolutionary Socialism: Seeks capitalism’s overthrow (e.g., Marx, Lenin). Ê Libertarian Socialism: Emphasizes autonomy and decentralization (e.g., Bakunin). Ê Market Socialism: Allows limited market activity with collective ownership. Criticisms Ê Lack of Incentive for innovation due to equal wealth distribution. Ê Economic Inefficiency from rigid central planning. Ê Risk of Authoritarianism due to excessive state control. Ê Limited Personal Freedom in favor of collective interests. Communism A socio-economic system aiming for a classless, stateless society with collective ownership of all means of production; private property is abolished. Key Characteristics Ê No Private Property: Land, factories, and productive assets are collectively owned. Ê Progressive Taxation: Rich taxed more to ensure equity.