Tiêu đề 1st year physics all in one notes.pdf ✅

1 Al-Abbas Notes Physics 1st year (Volume-1 chapter 01 to 05) An Easy approach to objective as well Subjective This booklet contain  Short and Extensive Questions & Answers from topics  Solved exercise short questions  Solved numerical hints  Solved BISE past papers mcqs  Tid bits/useful information from text book in mcqs form Asad Abbas (Gold Medalist) (Subject Specialist Physics) GOVT.MLWHSSM (MIANWALI)
2 Chapter 01 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS What is Natural Philosophy? The study of nature and its phenomenon in orderly manner is called Natural philosophy. It is earlier observations of man about the world around him. Give the Classes of Study of nature OR What is difference b/w Biological and Physical science The study of nature is further divided into two branches Biological sciences Physical sciences The study of living things is called biological sciences. The study of non-living thins is called physical sciences For example Zoology, botany etc. For example physics, chemistry, math Define Physics. The branch of Science which deals with the study of matter, energy and their relationship is called physics. Write the Main frontiers of fundamental sciences. There are three main frontiers of fundamental sciences i. The world of largest things like universe ii. The world of smallest things like electrons protons etc. iii. The world of middle sized things, from molecule to Earth. These frontiers are heart of fundamental science. Give the Areas of Physics? There are two areas of physics Disciplinary Areas of Physics: These are the pure branches of Physics like Mechanics, optics, sound etc. Interdisciplinary areas of physics: These are the branches of Physics link with other fields of sciences like Bio Physics, Astro physics, Chemical Physics. Define the Branches of Physics (Nuclear, solid state, particle physics and Relativistic mechanics). There are many Branches of Physics, some of branches are as follows o The branch of physics which deals with study of atomic nuclei is called nuclear physics o The branch of physics which deals with study of structure and properties of solids is called solid state physics. o The branch of physics which deals with elementary particles/ultimate particles is called particle physics o The branch of physics which deals with motion of such objects whose speed is approaching the speed of light is called relativistic mechanics.  Mass is form of energy. How much energy is obtained from one kilogram mass? E mc 1*(3*10 ) 9*10 J mass 1kg, C 3*10 m/s, E ? 2 8 2 1 6 8        What is light year? Write its value. The distance which light travel in one year is called light year. Its value is 9.5*1015 m. Give the Importance/Role Of Physics in few lines. o Physics plays an important role in the development of science and technology o information media and fast mean of communication made the world global village o The computer networks are product of silicon chips o Silicon is obtained from sand 1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES What are Physical Quantities? Give examples All measurable quantities are called Physical quantities like mass, temperature, force etc. It has two types, base quantities, and derived quantities.
3 What are Base Quantities? Give examples. “The quantities which are not derived from other quantities are called base quantities”. Like mass, length, time etc. What are Derived Quantities? Give examples. The quantities which are derived from base quantities are called derived quantities. For example force, velocity, acceleration etc. What are the Steps For Measurement Of Physical Quantity? There are two steps for measurement of physical quantity i. Choice of standard ii. To establish procedure to measuring physical quantity What are the Characteristics Of An Ideal Standard? There are two characteristics of an ideal standard i. It is accessible ii. It is invariable What is International System Of Units? From which types of units it is built up from? A system that was established in 1960 which describe the units of physical quantities is called SI. It is built up from three types of unit’s base, derived and supplementary units. Define Base Units. Write the table for base units. The units of base quantities are called base units. There are seven base units in SI No Quantity Unit Symbol 01 Length Meter m 02 Mass Kilogram kg 03 Time Second s 04 Temperature Kelvin k 05 Electric current Ampere a 06 Intensity of light Candela cd 07 Amount of substance Mole mol Define Derived Units. Give examples. The units of derived quantities are called derived units. Like unit of force is newton, unit of pressure is Pascal. What are Supplementary Units? OR Define Radian and Steradian. “The units which were not classified in SI as either base or derived units called supplementary units”. There are two types of supplementary units which are as follows. Radian: Plane angle b/w two radii of a circle whose arc length is equal to radius of circle is called radian. It is two dimensional angle. Steradian: Solid angle subtended at the center of sphere whose area is equal to square of its radius is called Steradian. It is three dimensional angle whose value is 4π. Quantity Unit Symbol Value Dimensional Plane angle Radian Rad 2π Two Solid angle Steradian Sr 4π Three What is Scientific Notation? give example Such a technique in which numbers are expressed in standard form by using the power of ten is called scientific notation. Like 134.7 is written as 1.347*102 , 0.0023 is 2.3*10-3 . Write the Conventions for indicating units?/ Rules for writing units. There are following conventions of indicating units i. Full name of unit does not starts with capital letter if named after scientist e.g newton, ampere etc ii. The symbol of unit after a scientist has initial capital letter e.g N for newton iii. Prefixes should be used before unit like mA, micro meter etc iv. Combination of base unit is written with one space apart e.g N m v. Compound prefixes are not allowed, 10-3*10-3 A, we cannot write it mmA. Its correct form is 10-6A(microA) vi. When a multiple of base unit is raised to power of ten then power is applied to whole multiple not on base unit alone like 1Km2=(103m)2=106m2 .
4 PREFIXES TABLE Prefix Factor Prefix Factor Prefix Factor Atto 10-18 Milli 10-3 Killo 103 Femto 10-15 Centi 10-2 Mega 106 Pico 10-12 Deci 10-1 Giga 109 Nano 10-9 Deca 101 Tera 1012 Micro 10-6 Hecto 102 Peta 1015 Exa 1018 What is error? Write causes of error also differentiate b/w Random error and Systematic error. Error: Difference of actual and observed value is called error. Error=Actual value- observed value Causes of error: There are following causes of error i. Negligence of person ii. Inexperience of a person iii. Faulty apparatus iv. Incorrect method or technique Types of Error: There are following types of errors Random Error Systematic error Such an error which occur when repeated measurements give different values under same condition is called random error. Such an error which occur due to faulty apparatus as zero error in instrument is called systematic error. It is removed by taking the average of several readings. It is removed by applying correction factor. What are Significant Figures? Write the rules of significant figures. Also describe the rules for rounding off a number Definition: In any measurement, the accurately known digit and first doubtful digit are called significant figures. Rules of significant figures: There are following rules of significant figures i. All digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are significant ii. Zero may or may not be significant iii. Zero b/w two significant figure is significant like 102, 1.003 etc. iv. Zero to left of significant figures is not significant like 0.003 has one significant v. Zero to right of significant figures may or may not be significant, in decimal fraction zero to right is significant like 3.40, in this 0 is significant but in case of integers it is found by accuracy of measuring instrument. vi. In measurement in scientific notation, the figures other than the power of ten are significant like 8.70*103 has 03 significant figures Rules for Rounding off a Number: There are following rules of rounding off a number i. If the first digit is less than 5 then last digit retained should not change. i.e. 3.23 is round off as 3.2 ii. If the first digit is greater than 5 then last digit retained is increased by one like 3.56 is round off as 3.6 iii. If the last digit is 5 then previous digit is increased one if it odd, and no change if it is even like 3.75 as 3.8 and 3.45 as 3.4 Important rule: In multiplying or dividing numbers, keep a number of significant figures in the product or quotients not more than that contained in the factor containing least number of significant figures. Also in addition and subtraction For example 72.1 3.42 0.003 75.523is rounded off as 75.5, 2.7543 4.10 1.273 8.1273is rounded off 8.13 figures s o the answer should be written upto three significan t figures s o correct ansis1.46 *10 1.45768982 *10 , In this the factor 3.64 *10 least accurate three significan t 1.336 5.348 *10 * 3.64 *10 3 3 4 2 4        