Tiêu đề ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SKN SMART NOTES.pdf ✅

Unit 02 (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) 2 o Animals o Microorganisms • Role: Significant in various aspects of society. Fossil Remains (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas) What are fossil remains? • Remnants of ancient animals/plants preserved in rocks and sediments. • Include bones, teeth, shells, imprints of leaves or other plant parts. • Give clues about Earth’s life history. How fossils (and fossil fuels) form 1. Organism dies → rapid burial by sediment without decomposition. 2. Compression follows; organic material in remains slowly transforms into fossil fuel, while rock retains its mineral content. 3. Resulting fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy sources. Main fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas. Coal formation sequence: Progressive chemical & bacterial changes under high temperature and high pressure: Peat → Lignite → Bituminous → Anthracite Coal: • Plant-derived, black mineral found beneath the Earth’s crust. • A solid fossil fuel of global importance. • Formed when plants buried millennia ago were slowly converted to coal by bacterial and chemical processes under high T & high P. Coal Types & Uses : Ranking increases → Peat → Lignite → Bituminous → Anthracite (↑carbon, ↑heat value, harder). Type Carbon(%) Properties & Uses Peat 45–60% Earliest stage from decomposition of fossilized remains; very low heat content; used for domestic heating as an alternative to firewood. Lignite 60–70% Brownish-black, soft coal; typically used to generate electricity in power plants. Bituminous 70–85% Black, soft coal with higher carbon than lignite; used for electric generation and steel production. Anthracite 90–95% Dark black, hard coal; highest-ranking and highest carbon content; used in furnaces, power stations, and as a domestic fuel. Quick checks • Lowest carbon & heat: Peat. • Power plants: Lignite (typical) and Anthracite (also used). • Steel production: Bituminous. • Highest rank & carbon: Anthracite (90–95%).