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MRCS (UK) PART-A COURSE Biostatistics & Medico- Legal Issues Lecture Note The DrAcademy, 25/2 Green Road (Level-3), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 Web: www.thedracademy.com | Office: +88-017 9905 0606 Helpline: +88-017 3355 2110 3 17. Biostatistics & Medico-Legal Issue Topics Overview Topic-1 | Qualitative And Quantitative Data ...............................................................................4 Topic-2 | Statistics ..............................................................................................................................5 Topic-03 | Normal Distribution.......................................................................................................9 Topic-04 | Incidence And Prevalence ..........................................................................................12 Topic-05 | Study Design..................................................................................................................13 Topic-06 | Cluster Randomised Controlled Trials .....................................................................14 Topic- 07 | Forest Plots ...................................................................................................................16 Topic-08 | Relative Risk...................................................................................................................18 Topic-09 | Absolute Risk Reduction.............................................................................................20 Topic-10 | Odds Ratio......................................................................................................................21 Topic-11 | Correlation Coefficient................................................................................................22 Topic-11 | Screening Test Statistics .............................................................................................24 Topic-12 | Positive & Negative Predictive Values ....................................................................25 Topic-13 | Power Calculations And Statistical Error ................................................................27 Topic-14 | Significance Tests .........................................................................................................28 Topic-15 | Consent...........................................................................................................................31 Topic-16 | Study Design: Evidence And Recommendations ..................................................34 Topic-17 | Audit Categories ...........................................................................................................35 Topic-18 | Audit And Research .....................................................................................................38 Topic-19 | Scenarios with ethical issue .......................................................................................42
MRCS (UK) PART-A COURSE Biostatistics & Medico- Legal Issues Lecture Note The DrAcademy, 25/2 Green Road (Level-3), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 Web: www.thedracademy.com | Office: +88-017 9905 0606 Helpline: +88-017 3355 2110 4 Topic-1 | Qualitative And Quantitative Data Qualitative (categorical) data refers to different descriptions of a characteristic, although it may be possible to allocate a number it has no scale. Quantitative data is associated with numerical values on a numerical scale. Since quantitative data is based on a numerical scale it can be organized to create a distribution curve. The central tendency may be estimated using the mode, median and mean. The standard deviation gives an estimation of the spread of data. Question 1 Which of the following statements relating to quantitative data is false? A. Discrete data cannot be sub divided B. The median is less susceptible to extreme outliers than the mean C. The mean is susceptible to extreme outliers D. Data that fits the standard distribution perfectly will have a mode that is half the value of the mean E. Values obtained have a numerical scale Correct answer: D. Data that fits the standard distribution perfectly will have a mode that is half the value of the mean Data that fits the standard distribution perfectly will have a mean, median and mode that are all the same value.
MRCS (UK) PART-A COURSE Biostatistics & Medico- Legal Issues Lecture Note The DrAcademy, 25/2 Green Road (Level-3), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 Web: www.thedracademy.com | Office: +88-017 9905 0606 Helpline: +88-017 3355 2110 5 Topic-2 | Statistics Before selecting a method of statistical analysis it is imperative that the type of data to be analysed is correctly categorised. Commonly used terms include nominal, ordinal, interval and continuous. Question: 02 An FY2 in ED is collecting retrospective data for an audit on headache. He records the number of patients with headaches seen per day and for each patient who presented to ED with a headache he collects data on the length of time waiting to see the triage nurse, the pain score at triage (on a scale of 0 - 10) and pain relief given in the ED (e.g. simple non-opioid analgesia, opioid nalgesia and nil). The number of patients with headaches seen per day is an example of which of the following types of data: A. Categorical B. Nominal C. Ordinal D. Discrete E. Continuous Answer D This is an example of discrete quantitative data where the counted value can only take whole numerical values. Analysing data Having ascribed the data it is then possible to begin the process of analysis. Nominal data is often tabulated into categories because of the nature of the underlying data sets. Continuous data may be displayed graphically often as individual data points. When the sample size is large enough, continuous data can be analysed to determine the distribution of the data points. Often, but not always these will be in the form of a gaussian distribution. Determining whether data is
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